The Antimicrobial and Healing Effect of Scrophularia striata Boiss Hydroalcoholic Extract on First- and Second-Grade Pressure Wounds in Patients with Brain and Spinal Cord Injury: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Abstract

Introduction and Objectives. Pressure wound is one of the most common problems in patients with brain and spinal cord lesions leading to complications such as severe pain, infection, and frequent hospitalisation. The present study aimed to determine the restorative and antimicrobial effects of Scrophularia striata hydroalcoholic extract (SHE) on first- and second-grade pressure ulcers in patients with brain and spinal cord lesions. Materials and Methods. This double-blind clinical trial study was performed on grade 1 and 2 pressure wounds in 120 patients with cerebral-spinal cord lesions. The patients were randomly divided into four groups (n = 30). Topical treatments in all groups were performed twice a day. These groups included experiment 1 (SHE + phenytoin), experiment 2 (SHE + SHE), control (phenytoin + phenytoin), and placebo (eucerin + phenytoin). After evaluating the effect of SHE on wound healing, its antibacterial activity was determined by the standard agar well diffusion method. Results. Patients in each group in this study did not significantly differ in demographic and clinical variables. Complete wound healing by the 10th day of the intervention occurred in 63%, 100%, and 27% of patients in experimental 1, experimental 2, and control groups, respectively. In contrast, the placebo group had no complete wound healing until the 10th day. Topical application of SHE, twice a day in the experimental 2 groups, had a higher potency to heal wounds and reduce the duration of complete wound healing in patients compared with other groups. Conclusion. SHE, as a novel treatment option, has good potential to accelerate the healing of first- and second-degree pressure wounds in patients with brain-spinal cord injuries.

RETRACTED: Effects of comprehensive nursing intervention on pressure ulcer after traumatic brain injury surgery: A meta‐analysis

“…The National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel (NPUAP), at its academic meeting on 8 April 2016, defined a PU as a localised injury to the skin and deep soft tissues located at the site of a bony prominence or associated with a medical device, which can present as an intact skin or open breakout accompanied by pain 2 . PUs have a high prevalence in countries all over the world, with approximately 2.5 million occurring annually in the United States; they affect 23.1% of hospitalised patients in the Netherlands, 21.8% in the United Kingdom and 44% in Iran 3–6 . Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is often caused by traffic accidents or accidental violence, and it often requires surgical treatment to ensure the patient's physical stability 7 .…”

“… 2 PUs have a high prevalence in countries all over the world, with approximately 2.5 million occurring annually in the United States; they affect 23.1% of hospitalised patients in the Netherlands, 21.8% in the United Kingdom and 44% in Iran. 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is often caused by traffic accidents or accidental violence, and it often requires surgical treatment to ensure the patient's physical stability. 7 Among the TBI, severe TBI is the most critical craniocerebral injury, which is characterised by rapid progression, lack of significant therapeutic effect and high rates of disability and death.…”

Combined Antimicrobial Activity of Extracts from Quercus infectoria Galls and Scrophularia striata Aerial Parts for an Anticariogenic Herbal Mouthwash

“…S. striata has been traditionally used for its potent anti-inflammatory and healing effects. Previous studies showed that the extract obtained from this plant can increase fibroblast proliferation and promote tissue re-epithelialization [18]. Q. infectoria galls extract is also a potent astringent and anti-inflammatory agent, and both of these properties are considered useful in periodontal diseases.…”

“…Scrophularia striata is a small flowering plant that is native to Iran and some parts of Turkey and Azerbaijan [16][17][18]. This plant exhibits several pharmacological activities, including antiproliferative, wound healing, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, neuroprotective, analgesic, and preservative activities.…”

“…This plant exhibits several pharmacological activities, including antiproliferative, wound healing, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, neuroprotective, analgesic, and preservative activities. S. striata extract is effective against various microorganisms, including Escherichia coli, Leishmania major, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, oral streptococci (Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, and Streptococcus sanguis), and Candida species [18].…”