The Apelin/APJ System: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Sepsis

Song, Qing; Wang, Xi; Cao, Zhenhuan; Xin, Chun; Zhang, Jingyuan; Li, Suwei

doi:10.2147/jir.s436169

JIR

2024

DOI: 10.2147/jir.s436169

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The Apelin/APJ System: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Sepsis

Qing Song,

Xi Wang,

Zhenhuan Cao

et al.

Abstract: Apelin is the native ligand for the G protein-coupled receptor APJ. Numerous studies have demonstrated that the Apelin/APJ system has positive inotropic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects and regulates fluid homeostasis. The Apelin/APJ system has been demonstrated to play a protective role in sepsis and may serve as a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of sepsis. Better understanding of the mechanisms of the effects of the Apelin/APJ system will aid in the development of novel drugs for… Show more

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Cited by 4 publications

References 139 publications

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Short-term severe polyuria responsive to vasopressin after hypoglycaemia and hypotension in a domestic shorthair cat

Porcarelli,

Asorey Blazquez,

Valls Sanchez

et al. 2024

Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery Open Reports

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Case summary An 8-month-old male neutered domestic shorthair cat presented for acute vomiting. Abdominal ultrasound examination revealed a jejunal foreign body, which was removed via enterotomy. Preoperatively, the patient was hypoglycaemic and, intraoperatively, a dopamine infusion was required to maintain a mean arterial pressure >60 mmHg. Despite glucose supplementation, the cat remained severely hypoglycaemic on recovery. Within 24 h postoperatively, despite euglycaemia and normalisation of the cardiovascular status, the patient developed progressive polyuria (up to 14 ml/kg/h). This was associated with neurological signs suggestive of diffuse brain disease, and absence of azotaemia or signs of overhydration. During the first 4 days of hospitalisation, any attempts to decrease intravenous fluid therapy were associated with hypotension, weight loss and clinical dehydration. Urine specific gravity (USG) during this time was in the range of 1.005–1.010 and failed to increase during fluid challenges. A presumptive diagnosis of central diabetes insipidus was made, and desmopressin (1 µg/cat SC) was administered on day 5 of hospitalisation. Consequently, the cat’s urinary output decreased and his weight increased within 4 h. The patient required a total of four doses of desmopressin during hospitalisation, but no further doses since discharge. Urinary output on discharge was 3 ml/kg/h. Three months later, the cat’s neurological signs and polyuria had completely resolved, and the USG was >1.050. Relevance and novel information In this case, a presumptive diagnosis of central diabetes insipidus was supported by clinical progression, neurological signs and the response to desmopressin. To our knowledge, this is the first report of reversible diabetes insipidus after diffuse brain injury secondary to hypotension and hypoglycaemia.

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Short-term severe polyuria responsive to vasopressin after hypoglycaemia and hypotension in a domestic shorthair cat

Porcarelli,

Asorey Blazquez,

Valls Sanchez

et al. 2024

Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery Open Reports

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Unraveling the Complex Molecular Interplay and Vascular Adaptive Changes in Hypertension-Induced Kidney Disease

Gaydarski,

Dimitrova,

Stanchev

et al. 2024

Biomedicines

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Angiogenesis, the natural mechanism by which fresh blood vessels develop from preexisting ones, is altered in arterial hypertension (AH), impacting renal function. Studies have shown that hypertension-induced renal damage involves changes in capillary density (CD), indicating alterations in vascularization. We aimed to elucidate the role of the apelin receptor (APLNR), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in hypertension-induced renal damage. We used two groups of spontaneously hypertensive rats aged 6 and 12 months, representing different stages of AH, and compared them to age-matched normotensive controls. The kidney tissue samples were prepared through a well-established protocol. All data analysis was conducted with a dedicated software program. APLNR was localized in tubular epithelial cells and the endothelial cells of the glomeruli, with higher expression in older SHRs. The localization of nNOS and VEGF was similar. The expression of APLNR and nNOS increased with AH progression, while VEGF levels decreased. CD was lower in young SHRs compared to controls and decreased significantly in older SHRs in comparison to age-matched controls. Our statistical analysis revealed significant differences in molecule expression between age groups and varying correlations between the expression of the three molecules and CD.

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Biomarker Insights: Evaluation of Presepsin, Apelin, and Irisin Levels in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

Canpolat-Erkan,

Tekin,

Sula

2024

Diagnostics

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Background/Objectives: Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a skin disease caused by Leishmania parasites. Presepsin, irisin, and apelin are biomarkers that are involved in the inflammatory response. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between serum levels of specific biomarkers, such as presepsin, apelin, and irisin, and the clinical features, location, number, and size of lesions in patients with CL. Methods: This study is a single-centre, prospective cohort study involving a total of 30 patients with skin lesions compatible with CL and 30 healthy matched controls. Age, sex, type of skin lesion, location of skin lesion, number of skin lesions, and diameter of skin lesions were recorded. The levels of presepsin, irisin, and apelin measured in the blood samples of the patient group were analysed in comparison to those in the healthy control group. Results: The findings revealed that presepsin levels were significantly elevated in the patient group compared to the controls (p = 0.000). However, no statistically significant differences were observed between the groups for irisin and apelin levels (p-values 0.096 and 0.836, respectively). A negative correlation was identified between presepsin levels and the number of skin lesions, the diameter of the largest lesion, and the total diameter of the lesions (p = 0.000). Conclusions: It appears that measuring presepsin levels in patients with CL may be beneficial. Presepsin has the potential to serve as a prognostic marker in CL, offering significant benefits in guiding clinicians in assessing disease progression and response to treatment.

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The Apelin/APJ System: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Sepsis

Cited by 4 publications

References 139 publications

Short-term severe polyuria responsive to vasopressin after hypoglycaemia and hypotension in a domestic shorthair cat

Short-term severe polyuria responsive to vasopressin after hypoglycaemia and hypotension in a domestic shorthair cat

Unraveling the Complex Molecular Interplay and Vascular Adaptive Changes in Hypertension-Induced Kidney Disease

Biomarker Insights: Evaluation of Presepsin, Apelin, and Irisin Levels in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

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