2020
DOI: 10.3390/antiox9070604
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The Apoplast: A Key Player in Plant Survival

Abstract: The apoplast comprises the intercellular space, the cell walls, and the xylem. Important functions for the plant, such as nutrient and water transport, cellulose synthesis, and the synthesis of molecules involved in plant defense against both biotic and abiotic stresses, take place in it. The most important molecules are ROS, antioxidants, proteins, and hormones. Even though only a small quantity of ROS is localized within the apoplast, apoplastic ROS have an important role in plant development and pla… Show more

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Cited by 90 publications
(59 citation statements)
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References 228 publications
(268 reference statements)
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“…Many other signals, besides ET, JA, and SA, are known to influence the growth/defense trade-off. ROS in the apoplast are among these signals as their concentration and homeostasis is critical for maintaining the correct balance between growth and defense (Farvardin et al, 2020). A low level of H 2 O 2 in the cell wall, for example, promotes growth and concomitantly suppresses the plant defense (Neuser et al, 2019).…”
Section: Pathways and Signals Involved In The Growth-defense Trade-offmentioning
confidence: 99%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…Many other signals, besides ET, JA, and SA, are known to influence the growth/defense trade-off. ROS in the apoplast are among these signals as their concentration and homeostasis is critical for maintaining the correct balance between growth and defense (Farvardin et al, 2020). A low level of H 2 O 2 in the cell wall, for example, promotes growth and concomitantly suppresses the plant defense (Neuser et al, 2019).…”
Section: Pathways and Signals Involved In The Growth-defense Trade-offmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…This may occur upon local injury caused by biotic or abiotic stress or upon a localized loss of CWI during growth and development like, for example, during the formation of lateral roots (Peretto et al, 1992). It is known that H 2 O 2 is involved not only in the strengthening and repairing of the plant tissues (Farvardin et al, 2020) but also in signaling during both immunity and development (Mhamdi and Van Breusegem, 2018;Huang et al, 2019;Sies and Jones, 2020). Spatial distribution of different ROS and their finely-tuned balance drive plant morphogenetic processes (Mhamdi and Van Breusegem, 2018).…”
Section: Final Considerations: the Role Of Oxidases In The Maintenancmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In turn, apoplastic ROS are engaged in plant development and responses to extrinsic signals. These ROS regulate plant cell division and cell elongation rate, and hence the whole plant growth ( Podgórska et al., 2017 ); they are also implicated in regulating stomatal closure, cell wall lignification, and callose deposition in response to external signals ( Podgórska et al., 2017 ; Qi et al, 2017 ; Janku et al., 2019 ; Farvardin et al, 2020 ). Obviously, ROS signaling encompasses several pathways within and between various organelles and cellular compartments.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Among ROS, H 2 O 2 is the most stable species (half‐life of more than 1 ms) and, therefore, is considered as the predominant ROS involved in cellular signaling (Mhamdi & Van Breusegem, 2018). Many studies on plant immunity have focused on extracellular ROS (Farvardin et al, 2020; Qi, Wang, Gong, & Zhou, 2017), whereas much less is known about the dynamics and the role of intracellular ROS.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%