The application of enzymatic fermented soybean effectively regulates associated microbial communities in tea soil and positively affects lipid metabolites in tea new shoots

Abstract

Compared with traditional organic fertilizer, fermented soybean is a better fertilizer resource in tea plantations. The application of organic fertilizer is a feasible practice to mitigate the soil degradation caused by the overuse of chemical fertilizers, which can effectively regulate soil microbial communities in tea plantations. However, the effects of fermented soybean on soil microbial communities, soil metabolites and metabolites in tea new shoots have not been systematically demonstrated, and their interactions have never been studied. Here, we investigated the responses of the soil microbial community, soil metabolites and metabolites of tea new shoots to urea fertilization (UF), naturally fermented soybean fertilization (NFS) and enzymatic fermented soybean fertilization (EFS), and analyzed the relationships between soil microbes, soil metabolites and metabolites in tea new shoots. The results showed that soil bacterial communities were dominated by Pseudomonas, Romboutsia, Candidatus_Nitrosotalea and Helicobacter, and soil fungal communities were dominated by Peziza, Fusarium, Candida and Cheilymenia at the genus level. In EFS, bacterial genera (Glutamicibacter and Streptomyces) and fungal genera (Candida and Actinomucor) presented high abundances, which were correlated with soil carbohydrate and lipid including D-Mannitol, D-Sorbitol, 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid and (Z)-13-Docosenoic acid. Enzymatic fermented soybean fertilization also affected the lipid metabolites in tea new shoots. Glycerolipids and glycerophospholipids significantly increased in EFS, which positively correlated with some soil microbial communities. Besides, the application of fermented soybean fertilizer could increase the contents of TP, AP and AK, which were also important environmental factors affecting the structure of soil microbial community in tea plantation. It was concluded that fermented soybean fertilization could improve soil nutrition, regulate associated microbial communities, and positively affect lipid metabolites in tea new shoots. This study not only explores the relationships between soil microbes and metabolites in tea plants, but also provides feasible technical guidance to cultivate high-quality tea using soybean as high-grade fertilizer.

Application of Wheat Straw Compost Mixed with Chemical Fertilizer Regulates Soil Bacterial Community Diversity in Tea (Camellia sinensis) Plantation

“…In the study, the relative abundance of Actinobacteria in soils under compost mixed chemical fertilizer treatments was significantly lower than that of in soils under unfertilized and chemical fertilizer alone (p < 0.05), indicating that the application of compost created a relatively nutrient environment. The results were consistent with the former studies that investigated other organic fertilizer applications [12,25,31,39]. The abundance of Actinobacteria was inversely correlated with AK (Figure 4a) and TN (Figure 4b).…”

“…However, long-term excessive application of chemical fertilizer causes soil acidification, resulting in a nutrient imbalance in tea gardens, which is not conducive to sustainable development. Fertilization management has been widely applied in tea plantation management [12,[30][31][32]. Combining the use of biofertilizers is thought to be a successful method of fertilization for maintaining agricultural growth that is sustainable [33,34].…”

Enzymatic fermentation of rapeseed cake significantly improved the soil environment of tea rhizosphere

“…This is beneficial for improving the yield and quality of tea. Previous studies in our laboratory have shown that fermented soybeans as fertilizers can improve soil nutrient status, regulate related microbial communities, and positively affect the budding of tea [10]. This study laid the foundation for our further application of enzymatically fermented organic materials in tea plantations.…”

“…Ning et al found that soil organic matter, soil catalase activity, and urease activity increased significantly after applying organic in vegetable fields [44]. Zhang et al found that the activities of soil sucrase, soil acid phosphatase, and soil urease were significantly higher than those of inorganic fertilizer after applying soybean fertilizer in the tea garden [10]. In this study, it was found that after the application of enzymatic rapeseed cake, the content of soil organic matter (OM), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), available nitrogen (AN), and available phosphorus (AP) was significantly higher than that of the control with no fertilization and urea treatment, and slightly higher than that of the naturally fermented rapeseed cake treatment.…”

PhoD Harboring Microbial Community and Alkaline Phosphatase as Affected by Long Term Fertilization Regimes on a Calcareous Soil

“…Our results were consistent with that reported by Chen et al (2019) [78], who also documented the decline of relative abundance of Pseudomonas and Streptomyces. The drop in relative abundance of Pseudomonas may be related to soil P level, since the Pseudomonas is the major P-solubilizing bacteria in croplands [79], and dominant in soils with low P level [80], the higher P content as a result of amendment of organic supplement may depress its growth. However, Hu et al (2018) [22] reported that integrated application of only higher amount of organic manure or crop straw and synthetic fertilizers increased the relative abundance of Pseudomonas against NPK while the incorporation of lower doses of organic materials showed no effect in a calcareous Karst soil (pH 7.28).…”