The assessment of parenting using the Parental Bonding Instrument: two or three factors?

Abstract

The authors suggest that with modifications, the PBI could be used to measure three parenting variables (care, denial of psychological autonomy and encouragement of behavioural freedom), which would allow greater accuracy of prediction and a greater understanding of underlying processes.

The Effects of Maternal Rearing Attitudes and Depression on Compulsive-Like Behavior in Children: The Mediating Role of Children’s Emotional Traits

“…A two-factor construct consisting of care and overprotection had long been deemed appropriate for the original PBI. However, surveys using the PBI on large-scale samples have since demonstrated the validity of a three-factor construct consisting of care, overprotection, and encouragement of behavioral freedom (Gomezbeneyto, Pedros, Tomas, Aguilar, & Leal, 1993;Murphy, Brewin, & Silka, 1997). The three principal components extracted by our current analysis constituted the same constructs as those found in the previous studies mentioned above.…”

Parental bonding instrument and the inventory to diagnose depression lifetime version in a volunteer sample of Japanese workers

“…Even though our subjects do not stand for a community sample, we could indicate the possible link between the dysfunctional parenting and depression in Japanese workers. Recently, some researchers found that a three-factor solution is more satisfactory than a two-factor solution of the PBI (Kendler, 1996;Murphy et al, 1997). Murphy et al (1997) suggested that the PBI would benefit from some modifications, such as adding appropriated items, carrying out factor analyses taking into account demographic factors, and being validated as a three-dimensional scale.…”

Parental Bonding

“…The PBI is used to retrospectively assess received parenting along a number of parenting dimensions and was originally designed to measure two dimensions-care and overprotection-with a third dimension subsequently identified by a number of researchers: It was found that the overprotection dimension can be broken down into two further sub-dimensions, overprotection and authoritarianism (Cox, Enns, & Clara, 2000;Kendler, 1996;Murphy, Brewin, & Silka, 1997). Subsequent research has confirmed the threefactor nature of the PBI in various populations, including children (Tsaousis, Mascha, & Giovazolias, 2012).…”