The Association Between Cholecystectomy and Colorectal Cancer in the Female Gender

Aurif, Fahad; Kaur, Harsimran; Chio, Jeoffrey Patrick G.; Kittaneh, Mahdi; Malik, Bilal Haider

doi:10.7759/cureus.20113

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…34 In a more recent study of the female western population, a strong association was found between colorectal cancer and cholecystectomy. 35 These findings further implicate bile acids in the etiology of colon cancer.…”

Section: Human Prospective and Retrospective Studies Associate Bile A...mentioning

confidence: 85%

Bile acids as carcinogens in the colon and at other sites in the gastrointestinal system

Bernstein

2022

Exp Biol Med (Maywood)

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Colon cancer incidence is associated with a high-fat diet. Such a diet is linked to elevated levels of bile acids in the gastrointestinal system and the circulation. Secondary bile acids are produced by microorganisms present at high concentrations in the colon. Recent prospective studies and a retrospective study in humans associate high circulating blood levels of secondary bile acids with increased risk of colon cancer. Feeding mice a diet containing a secondary bile acid, so their feces have the bile acid at a level comparable to that in the feces of humans on a high-fat diet, also causes colon cancer in the mice. Studies using human cells grown in culture illuminate some mechanisms by which bile acids cause cancer. In human cells, bile acids cause oxidative stress leading to oxidative DNA damage. Increased DNA damage increases the occurrence of mutations and epimutations, some of which provide a cellular growth advantage such as apoptosis resistance. Cells with such mutations/epimutations increase by natural selection. Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is a beneficial process that eliminates cells with unrepaired DNA damage, whereas apoptosis-resistant cells are able to survive DNA damage using inaccurate repair processes. This results in apoptosis-resistant cells having more frequent mutations/epimutations, some of which are carcinogenic. The experiments on cultured human cells have provided a basis for understanding at the molecular level the human studies that recently reported an association of bile acids with colon cancer, and the mouse studies showing directly that bile acids cause colon cancer. Similar, but more limited, findings of an association of dietary bile acids with other cancers of the gastrointestinal system suggest that understanding the role of bile acids in colon carcinogenesis may contribute to understanding carcinogenesis in other organs.

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Section: Human Prospective and Retrospective Studies Associate Bile A...mentioning

confidence: 85%

Bile acids as carcinogens in the colon and at other sites in the gastrointestinal system

Bernstein

2022

Exp Biol Med (Maywood)

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“…Cholecystectomy can disturb bile flow and bile acid circulation, thus dysregulating gut microbiota (2). Growing evidence has linked these changes after cholecystectomy to the development of colorectal cancer (CRC) (3,4). Jiang et al discussed how cholecystectomy results in altered bile acid homeostasis and gut microbiota.…”

Section: Summary Of the Reviewsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Editorial: Reviews in gastroenterology

et al. 2023

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“…ulcerative colitis). It most often occurs in the population as a sporadic disease, the occurrence of which is affected by older age, obesity, alcohol and cigarette consumption, excessive use of red meat and meat products, long-term use of androgens, diabetes and even cholecystectomy 3,4 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Myeloid-derived suppressor-like cells - a potential biomarker for prognosis of colorectal cancer?

et al. 2023

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Background/Aim. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) represent a heterogeneous group of immature cells of myeloid origin, which have the ability to inhibit both the innate and adaptive immune response. Due to its immunosuppressive effect, MDSC can promote the growth and progression of cancer. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers in the general population for whose advanced stages of the disease there is still no good therapy. In addition to contributing to the development and spread of CRC, MDSC could potentially be markers of its prognosis. The aim of the study was to examine the potential prognostic role of peripheral blood MDSC counts in CRC patients. Methods. In a prospective study we analyzed the possibility of using CD16low granulocytes and mononuclear (M-MDSC) like cells as well as neutrophyl to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), lymphocite to monocyte ratio (LMR), CD16hi/CD16low granulocytes ratio and M/MMDSC like cells ratios before starting of the treatment as a biomarker for overall survival (OS) in patients with CRC. Hazards ratios (HRs) with the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) were calculated to evaluate the prognostic role of MDSCs in cancer. Results. The analysis was performed in 47 patients in stage III and IV CRC according to the TNM/AJCC disease classification. Dependable data were obtained in 32 patients. Patients blood samples are taken before the possible start of treatment (surgery, chemotherapy). Increased percentage and absolute values of CD16low granulocytes as well as absolute values of M-MDSC-like cells have been shown to be associated with shorter overall survival (OS) (p < 0.0066, p < 0.0013 and p < 0.0119, respectively). The relationship of CD16hi/CD16low granulocytes ratio and M/M-MDSC like cells ratio with OS indicated the existence of positive correlations between these parameters, which higher value of this relationship indicated longer survival of patients (p < 0.0054 and p < 0.0426, respectively). Relationship between OS and NLR indicators found statistically significant inverse correlation with NLR (p = 0.0349). No statistical significance was found in the relationship between OS and LMR. Conclusion. This study shows that percent and absolute numbers of CD16low granulocytes, as well as absolute number of M-MDSC like cells, CD16hi/CD16low granulocytes ratio, M/M-MDSC like cells and NLR ratio ratio may be reliable indicators of survival in patients with CRC.

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The Association Between Cholecystectomy and Colorectal Cancer in the Female Gender

Cited by 5 publications

References 44 publications

Bile acids as carcinogens in the colon and at other sites in the gastrointestinal system

Bile acids as carcinogens in the colon and at other sites in the gastrointestinal system

Editorial: Reviews in gastroenterology

Myeloid-derived suppressor-like cells - a potential biomarker for prognosis of colorectal cancer?

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