The association between micronutrients and the SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies in convalescent patients

Abstract

Background Various micronutrients play key roles in the immune responses to viral infection, antibody synthesis, and susceptibility to infection. This study aimed to investigate the role of micronutrients on the immune responses following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods To evaluate humoral immunity following SARS-CoV-2 infection, the levels of SARS-CoV-2-specific IgM and IgG, as well as the concentrations of different micronutrients, were determined in 36 convalescent COVID-19 patients 60 days after infection. Furthermore, the correlation between biochemical and hematological parameters, clinical features, and the changes in adiposity with SARS-CoV-2 antibodies was evaluated. Results Serum IgM and IgG antibodies were detected in 38.8% and 83.3% of recovered patients after 60 days of COVID-19 infection, respectively. The values of SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG were negatively correlated with the number of the platelet. Moreover, the values of SARS-CoV-2-specific IgM were positively correlated with LDH and the vitamin B12 concentration. Furthermore, a gender-specific association of SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG and IgM with vitamins D as well as with B9 and zinc was observed. A significant negative correlation was observed between the values of IgG with vitamin D in male participants and a positive correlation was detected between IgG values and B9 in female participants. Moreover, IgM levels with serum zinc values in females were negatively correlated. Conclusion Our study suggests the potential role of micronutrients in gender-specific humoral immunity following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Further studies are required with a greater sample of subjects to substantiate the validity and robustness of our findings.

Vitamin B12 effectiveness in the management of hospitalized COVID‐19 and its clinical outcomes and complications: A randomized clinical trial

“…28 In a study, 36 health care workers with a history of COVID-19 were evaluated and the results indicated that IgM level is positively correlated with vitamin B12 level. 29 The contrast between the aforementioned studies and ours is that none of the participants in our study had malnutrition, in addition they did not have vitamin B12 deficiency except for one. This highlights the need for structured studies with coherent study groups to examine the full extent of Vitamin B12 role in COVID-19.…”

“…They suggested that this finding might be due to the lack of appropriate reference ranges and confounders 28 . In a study, 36 health care workers with a history of COVID‐19 were evaluated and the results indicated that IgM level is positively correlated with vitamin B12 level 29 …”

“… 28 In a study, 36 health care workers with a history of COVID‐19 were evaluated and the results indicated that IgM level is positively correlated with vitamin B12 level. 29 …”

Study on the connection between vitamin D administration and individuals with Covid-19 for being IgM negative

“…The relationship between vitamin D and falling IgM levels during COVID-19 healing has not been extensively studied. Maryam Panahibakhsh et al [18] examined the SARS-CoV-60-specific IgM/IgG levels and the amount of a variety of minerals in 36 people recovering from COVID-19 infection two days after infection in order to assess humoral immunity following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Additionally, the relationships between the immunoglobulins symptoms of illness, changes in adiposity, and biochemical and hematopoietic variables were investigated.…”