The Association Between the Concentration of Serum Magnesium and Postmenopausal Osteoporosis

Chang, Jinlei; Yu, Degang; Ji, Jindou; Wang, Ning; Yu, Shengwen; Yu, Bo

doi:10.3389/fmed.2020.00381

Cited by 20 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Recently, a metanalysis has demonstrated lower amounts of serum magnesium in postmenopausal women [ 26 ]. These results are in line with the evidence that Mg is involved in regulating bone development and constructing bone mineral matrix [ 27 ].…”

Section: A Glimpse Of the Relation Between Mg Intake And Diseasessupporting

confidence: 91%

Going to the roots of reduced magnesium dietary intake: A tradeoff between climate changes and sources

Cazzola

Porta

Manoni

et al. 2020

Heliyon

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Magnesium is essential in plants where it is associated with chlorophyll pigments and serves as a cofactor of enzymes implicated in photosynthesis and metabolism. It is an essential nutrient for animals, involved in hundreds metabolic reaction and crucial for the biological activity of ATP. Not surprisingly, magnesium deficiency is detrimental for the health of plants and animals. In humans, subclinical magnesium deficiency is common and generates chronic inflammation, which is the common denominator of a wide range of mental and physical health problems from metabolic diseases to cognitive impairment, from osteopenia and sarcopenia to depression. It is ascertained that magnesium content in fruits and vegetables dropped in the last fifty years, and about 80% of this metal is lost during food processing. As a consequence, a large percentage of people all over the world does not meet the minimum daily magnesium requirement. In this scoping review, we summarize how agronomic and environmental factors, including global warming, affect magnesium content and availability in the soil and, consequently, in the food chain, with the aim of attracting the interest of botanists, agronomists, animal and human nutritionists and physicians to work on a strategy that grants adequate magnesium intake for everybody.

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Section: A Glimpse Of the Relation Between Mg Intake And Diseasessupporting

confidence: 91%

Going to the roots of reduced magnesium dietary intake: A tradeoff between climate changes and sources

Cazzola

Porta

Manoni

et al. 2020

Heliyon

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“…Magnesium, the second most abundant intracellular cation, participates in many physiological processes in osteoporosis and cardiovascular function, such as vascular tone, endothelial function, glucose, and insulin metabolism ( 1 – 3 ). Experimental studies reported that magnesium insufficiency aggravated inflammatory bone resorption and promoted atherosclerosis ( 4 – 6 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Observational studies documented that high serum magnesium concentrations might be associated with a modest reduction in osteoporosis and cardiovascular diseases, such as coronary heart disease, but it was elusive whether these associations were causal ( 1 , 22 , 23 ). These observational studies may be subject to confounding and reverse causality, which may affect the association between serum magnesium and osteoporosis/cardiometabolic diseases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Causal Effect of Serum Magnesium on Osteoporosis and Cardiometabolic Diseases

Liang

Zhao

et al. 2021

Front. Nutr.

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Serum magnesium is associated with osteoporosis and cardiometabolic diseases, but their causal associations remain elusive. We used the two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study to explore the causal roles of serum magnesium on osteoporosis and cardiometabolic diseases by using the aggregated genome-wide association studies (GWASs). Six single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs, p < 5 × 10−8) associated with serum magnesium concentrations were all used as instrumental variables. A genetic predisposition to higher serum magnesium concentrations was inversely associated with lower lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD, beta-estimate: −1.982, 95% CI: −3.328 to −0.635, SE: 0.687, p = 0.004), which was further confirmed by multiple sensitivity analyses. There was limited evidence of associations between serum magnesium and type 2 diabetes, coronary artery disease, heart failure, and atrial fibrillation. This work provided strong evidence that genetically increased serum magnesium concentrations were causally associated with low lumbar spine BMD and suggested that serum magnesium concentrations may be crucial to prevent osteoporosis.

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“…Magnesium deficiency has been linked with adverse skeletal outcomes through several potential mechanisms [ 82 ], including altered bone mineralization and parathyroid hormone/1,25(OH) 2 -vitamin D physiology; increased bone loss by promoting pro-inflammatory cytokines stimulating remodeling and osteopenia; and increased endothelial dysfunction [ 83 ]. Experimental animal and human studies suggest that magnesium deficiency is associated with reduced osteoclastic and osteoblastic activity, osteopenia, and skeletal fragility [ 84 , 85 ].…”

Section: Magnesiummentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the findings from animal studies and experimental investigations suggest the importance of magnesium in bone health, the evidence for a substantial role of magnesium in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis or as a predictor of fracture risk is rather mixed. A recent meta-analysis identified 11 eligible studies involving 2776 postmenopausal women in which magnesium concentrations have been measured and bone density assessed [ 82 ]. Overall, there was evidence of a lower concentration of serum magnesium in women with osteoporosis compared with normal controls, with similar findings for bone mineral density at both the femoral neck and lumbar spine, and when stratified by age, but which differed by geographic location.…”

Section: Magnesiummentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiovascular safety of calcium, magnesium and strontium: what does the evidence say?

2021

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Calcium, magnesium and strontium have all been implicated in both musculoskeletal and cardiovascular health and disease. However, despite these three elements being closely chemically related, there is marked heterogeneity of their characteristics in relation to cardiovascular outcomes. In this narrative review, we describe the relevant evidential landscape, focusing on clinical trials where possible and incorporating findings from observational and causal analyses, to discern the relative roles of these elements in musculoskeletal and cardiovascular health. We conclude that calcium supplementation (for bone health) is most appropriately used in combination with vitamin D supplementation and targeted to those who are deficient in these nutrients, or in combination with antiosteoporosis medications. Whilst calcium supplementation is associated with gastrointestinal side effects and a small increased risk of renal stones, purported links with cardiovascular outcomes remain unconvincing. In normal physiology, no mechanism for an association has been elucidated and other considerations such as dose response and temporal relationships do not support a causal relationship. There is little evidence to support routine magnesium supplementation for musculoskeletal outcomes; greater dietary intake and serum concentrations appear protective against cardiovascular events. Strontium ranelate, which is now available again as a generic medication, has clear anti-fracture efficacy but is associated with an increased risk of thromboembolic disease. Whilst a signal for increased risk of myocardial infarction has been detected in some studies, this is not supported by wider analyses. Strontium ranelate, under its current licence, thus provides a useful therapeutic option for severe osteoporosis in those who do not have cardiovascular risk factors.

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The Association Between the Concentration of Serum Magnesium and Postmenopausal Osteoporosis

Abstract: Conclusion: Postmenopausal women with osteoporosis have a lower concentration of serum Mg. However, the association between the concentration of serum Mg and osteopenia needs further confirmation.

Cited by 20 publications

References 42 publications

Going to the roots of reduced magnesium dietary intake: A tradeoff between climate changes and sources

Going to the roots of reduced magnesium dietary intake: A tradeoff between climate changes and sources

Causal Effect of Serum Magnesium on Osteoporosis and Cardiometabolic Diseases

Cardiovascular safety of calcium, magnesium and strontium: what does the evidence say?

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