The Bacterial Volatile Organic Compound N,N-Dimethylhexadecylamine Induces Long-Lasting Developmental and Immune Responses throughout The Life Cycle of Arabidopsis thaliana

Abstract

N,N-dimethylhexadecylamine (DMHDA) is a bacterial volatile organic compound that affects plant growth and morphogenesis and is considered a cross-kingdom signal molecule. Its bioactivity involves crosstalk with the cytokinin and jasmonic acid (JA) pathways to control stem cell niches and induce iron deficiency adaptation and plant defense. In this study, through genetic analysis, we show that the DMHDA-JA-Ethylene (ET) relations determine the magnitude of the defensive response mounted during the infestation of Arabidopsis plants by the pathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea. The Arabidopsis mutants defective in the JA receptor CORONATINE INSENSITIVE 1 (coi1-1) showed a more severe infestation when compared to wild-type plants (Col-0) that were partially restored by DMHDA supplements. Moreover, the oversensitivity manifested by ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE 2 (ein2) by B. cinerea infestation could not be reverted by the volatile, suggesting a role for this gene in DMHDA reinforcement of immunity. Growth of Col-0 plants was inhibited by DMHDA, but ein2 did not. Noteworthy, Arabidopsis seeds treated with DMHDA produced more vigorous plants throughout their life cycle. These data are supportive of a scenario where plant perception of a bacterial volatile influences the resistance to a fungal phytopathogen while modulating plant growth.