The Baltic Question during the Cold War

Hiden, John; Made, Vahur; Smith, David J.

doi:10.4324/9780203930618

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…One additional reason for this emphasis might be to counter the Communist atheist attitude, because particularly during the 1980s the KGB seemed to be very interested in the schools activities, and invited students to visit their occupied homeland during these years, as mentioned in the newspaper ìLatvijaî No 24, 1981, on June 22. Thus MLG became part of the Baltic activities during Cold War times (Hiden, 2008).…”

Section: Preparing the Youth ñ Preparing The Futurementioning

confidence: 99%

Sustainability by Education: How Latvian Heritage was Kept Alive in German Exile

Franzenburg

2016

Discourse and Communication for Sustainable Education

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Sustainability is one of the core challenges for education in modern times, particularly concerning cultural heritage. The study evaluates, from a German point of view, how Latvians outside of Latvia after World War II kept their cultural heritage alive by educational concepts, which can be characterized as early roots of modern sustainable education. The evaluation focus concerns a group of Latvians in Germany associated with the Latvian high school in Muenster (MLG). The study concerns the 25 years from 1957 (school relocation to Muenster) until 1982 (founding of the organization “Latvian Center of Muenster e.V.” (LCM), and combines interviews and literature research. It underlines that environmental, social and heritage education can be seen as core elements of Latvian education abroad. Therefore, the study will not present a concise history of the Latvian high school in Muenster (MLG), which has already been done (Sprogis, 2009), but will concisely evaluate the educational concepts of this particular period as a model, how Latvians maintained their heritage in a sustainable way.

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Section: Preparing the Youth ñ Preparing The Futurementioning

confidence: 99%

Sustainability by Education: How Latvian Heritage was Kept Alive in German Exile

Franzenburg

2016

Discourse and Communication for Sustainable Education

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“…International literature on the Baltic question makes no mention of the event (e.g. Hiden et al 2008), and the debates related to the extradition have largely been confined to Sweden. This article seeks to fill this gap in the academic literature by providing an account of how this debate unfolded.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Painful Neutrality: Screening the Extradition of the Balts from Sweden

Kristensen

Burman

2018

Baltic Screen Media Review

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The article deals with the extradition of Baltic soldiers from Sweden in 1946 as represented in Per Olov Enquist’s novel The Legionnaires: A Documentary Novel (Legionärerna. En roman om baltutlämningen, 1968) and Johan Bergenstråhle’s film A Baltic Tragedy (Baltutlämningen. En film om ett politiskt beslut Sverige 1945, Sweden, 1970). The theoretical framework is taken from trauma studies and its equivalent within film studies, where trauma is seen as a repeated occurrence of a past event. In this regard, literature and moving images become the means of reaching the traumatic event, a way to relive it. What separates the extradition of the Baltic soldiers from other traumas, such as the Holocaust, is that it functions as a guilt complex related to the failure to prevent the tragedy, which is connected to Sweden’s position of neutrality during World War II and the appeasement of all the warring nations. It is argued that this is a collective trauma created by Enquist’s novel, which blew it into national proportions. However, Bergenstråhle’s film changes the focus of the trauma by downplaying the bad conscience of the Swedes. In this way, the film aims to create new witnesses to the extradition affair. The analysis looks at the reception of both the novel and film in order to explain the two different approaches to the historical event, as well as the two different time periods in which they were produced. The authors argue that the two years that separate the appearance of the novel and the film explain the swing undergone by the political mood of the late 1960s towards a deflated revolution of the early 1970s, when the film arrived on screens nationwide. However, in terms of creating witnesses to the traumatic event, the book and film manage to stir public opinion to the extent that the trauma changes from being slowly effacing to being collectively ‘experienced’ through remembrance. The paradox is that, while the novel still functions as a vivid reminder of the painful aftermath caused by Swedish neutrality during World War II, the film is almost completely forgotten today. The film’s mode of attacking the viewers with an I-witness account, the juxtaposition and misconduct led to a rejection of the narrative by Swedish audiences.

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“…By 1965, the 'Baltic Question' (Hiden et al 2008) was solidly frozen. The only scholarly book within a dozen years to have 'Baltic Question' in its title (Kirchner 1954) The US policy of non-recognition of Soviet annexation was slowly yielding to the de facto situation.…”

Section: Responses In the West And In The Eastmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The latter participated in Estonian exile activities, but left the political matters to men -this was pre-1968! Helmo Raag (1929-2008, the son of a journalist, fled in 1944 from Estonia to Germany, along with his family. They reached the USA in 1949.…”

Section: The Origins Of the 1965 Memorandummentioning

confidence: 99%

Baltic Quest for a Hungarian Path, 1965

Taagepera¹

2013

Journal of Baltic Studies

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The Baltic Question during the Cold War

Cited by 9 publications

References 0 publications

Sustainability by Education: How Latvian Heritage was Kept Alive in German Exile

Sustainability by Education: How Latvian Heritage was Kept Alive in German Exile

Painful Neutrality: Screening the Extradition of the Balts from Sweden

Baltic Quest for a Hungarian Path, 1965

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