The Basics of Brain Development

Stiles, Joan; Reilly, Judy; Levine, Susan C.; Trauner, Doris A.; Nass, Ruth

doi:10.1093/med/9780195389944.003.0002

Cited by 235 publications

(325 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Second, they have suggested that the severity of impairments is dose dependent. The volume of alcohol intake per occasion was found inversely related to the cortical thickness in the right cuneus and at the age of 6, with structural maturation changes continuing until late adolescence [142]. Different parts of the brain have distinct development trajectories.…”

Section: Insights From Radiological Studies Of Humans With Fasdmentioning

confidence: 92%

Radiological studies of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in humans and animal models: An updated comprehensive review

Nguyen

Chong

Tieng

et al. 2017

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

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Section: Insights From Radiological Studies Of Humans With Fasdmentioning

confidence: 92%

Radiological studies of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in humans and animal models: An updated comprehensive review

Nguyen

Chong

Tieng

et al. 2017

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

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“…Development of the central nervous system is an array of complex processes, initiated in the early embryonic period continuing until late adolescence and adulthood (10). These processes are known to be vulnerable to a large number of adverse environmental factors associated with an increased risk of neurological and psychiatric disorders in later life (11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-term Cognitive Implications of Intrauterine Hyperglycemia in Adolescent Offspring of Women With Type 1 Diabetes (the EPICOM Study)

et al. 2016

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OBJECTIVEExposure to maternal diabetes in utero may have a negative impact on the developing brain. The objective was to examine long-term cognitive consequences of intrauterine hyperglycemia in adolescent offspring of women with type 1 diabetes and to ascertain a possible association with maternal HbA 1c . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSOffspring of a prospectively followed cohort of women with type 1 diabetes (n = 277) participated in a follow-up examination at the age of 13-19 years. A control group from the background population was identified (n = 301). Cognitive function was evaluated using Reynolds Intellectual Assessment Scales and classified into indices of composite intelligence, verbal and nonverbal intelligence, and composite memory. Frequencies of reading and writing problems and attendance to classes for children with learning difficulties were assessed. RESULTSOffspring of women with type 1 diabetes scored lower in all normalized and standardized intelligence indices compared with controls: composite intelligence (95.7 vs. 100, P = 0.001), verbal intelligence (96.2 vs. 100, P = 0.004), nonverbal intelligence (96.4 vs. 100, P = 0.008), and composite memory (95.7 vs. 100, P = 0.001). A higher frequency of diabetes-exposed offspring had parent-reported learning difficulties in primary school. Differences between groups remained after adjustment for confounders and potential mediators. We found no direct association between maternal HbA 1c and offspring cognitive function in the exposed group. CONCLUSIONSAdolescent offspring of women with type 1 diabetes had lower cognitive function compared with a control group, also after adjustment for confounders and potential mediators. These differences may reflect direct harmful effects of maternal diabetes on neurodevelopment in the offspring.

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“…Human neurogenesis initiates on embryonic day 42 and is complete by midgestation. 11 Around the eighth gestational week, neuronal migration begins. By gestational week 20, axons form synapses with the cortical plate, and by gestational week 24, cortical circuits are organized.…”

Section: Key Fetal Developmental Considerations During Pregnancymentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurodevelopment: The Impact of Nutrition and Inflammation During Preconception and Pregnancy in Low-Resource Settings

et al. 2017

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The rapid pace of fetal development by far exceeds any other stage of the life span, and thus, environmental influences can profoundly alter the developmental course. Stress during the prenatal period, including malnutrition and inflammation, impact maternal and fetal neurodevelopment with long-term consequences for physical and mental health of both the mother and her child. One primary consequence of maternal malnutrition, inflammation, and other sources of prenatal stress is a poor birth outcome, such as prematurity or growth restriction. These phenotypes are often used as indications of prenatal adversity. In fact, the original evidence supporting the fetal programming hypothesis came from studies documenting an association between birth phenotype and the development of subsequent physical and mental health problems. Fetal growth restriction in both term and preterm infants is associated with neonatal morbidities and a wide variety of behavioral and psychological diagnoses in childhood and adolescence, including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, anxiety, depression, internalizing and thought problems, poor social skills, and autism spectrum disorder. Improving maternal–child health requires interventions that begin before pregnancy and continue throughout gestation and into the postpartum period. Such interventions might include supporting pregnancy intention, maternal nutrition, health/medical care, mental health, and providing social support. This article discusses the impact of maternal nutrition and inflammation during preconception and pregnancy among women living in low-resource settings, with an emphasis on key knowledge gaps that need to be addressed to guide program and policy decisions at local, regional and global levels.

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The Basics of Brain Development

Cited by 235 publications

References 41 publications

Radiological studies of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in humans and animal models: An updated comprehensive review

Radiological studies of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in humans and animal models: An updated comprehensive review

Long-term Cognitive Implications of Intrauterine Hyperglycemia in Adolescent Offspring of Women With Type 1 Diabetes (the EPICOM Study)

Neurodevelopment: The Impact of Nutrition and Inflammation During Preconception and Pregnancy in Low-Resource Settings

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