The BATENUS process for recycling mixed battery waste

The dissolution mechanism of cathodic active materials of spent Zn–Mn batteries in HCl

“…Eq. (10) was also demonstrated by the experimental phenomenon that the released gas could make a little wooden sparked-rod burn again, which showed that the gas is oxygen.…”

“…Batenus process operates a plant in Germany with a capacity of 7500 tonnes per year [10]. But usually they recycle any type of spent dry batteries just in almost the same way, thus they are not specific or efficient.…”

Acidic leaching and precipitation of zinc and manganese from spent battery powders using various reductants

“…The pH of the solution was monitored during precipitation. Samples were withdrawn at specified pH values (3,(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11) and filtered (0.45 m cellulose acetate filter papers). The metal concentrations in the filtered solutions were determined by ICP-OES (DV2100, PerkinElmer).…”

“…After leaching, further separation methods are required to recover metals from leach solutions. Several separation methods can be used such as liquid-liquid extraction [3,[10][11][12][13], precipitation [4,6,14,15], electro-winning [16][17][18].…”

Leaching and separation of zinc from the black paste of spent MnO2-Zn dry cell batteries

“…Several methods to recover metal values from spent batteries are given in the literature but industrial routes are generally based on pyrometallurgical [1][2][3][4] and/or hydrometallurgical [5][6][7] operations. Hydrometallurgical routes commonly found are more economical and efficient than pyrometallurgical ones.…”