“…The sources of these nonthermal emissions are distributed along auroral magnetic field lines at emission frequencies very close to the local electron cyclotron frequency, f ce (Imai et al, 2017a(Imai et al, , 2017bKurth, Imai, Hospodarsky, Gurnett, Louarn, et al, 2017;Kurth, Imai, Hospodarsky, Gurnett, Tetrick, et al, 2017). These sporadic bursts are believed to be the free space right-hand extraordinary (R-X) mode at various temporal scales from minutes down to milliseconds (Carr et al, 1983;Imai et al, 2016;Kurth et al, 2001).…”