The behavior of pollination drop secretion in Ginkgo biloba L.

Jin, Biao; Jiang, Xiaoxue; Wang, Di; Zhang, Lei; Wan, Yinglang; Wang, Li

doi:10.4161/psb.21122

Cited by 11 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…A mature male tree can produce 12,000–17,000 pollen grains per year (Xing et al, 1998). Mature pollen is shed from microsporangia and floats in the air until it is trapped by the pollination drop which can transport pollen to the nucellar surface (Cheng et al, 2018; Jin, Jiang, et al, 2012; Jin, Wang, et al, 2012). Once inside the ovule, the male gametophyte commences a 4‐month long development period that culminates in the production of a pair of multi‐flagellated spermatozoids, one of which fertilises a waiting egg cell (Friedman, 1987).…”

Section: Reproductive and Seed Charactersmentioning

confidence: 99%

International Biological Flora:Ginkgo biloba

Lin

et al. 2022

Journal of Ecology

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This account presents information on all aspects of the biology of Ginkgo biloba L. (Ginkgo, Maidenhair tree) that are relevant to understanding its ecological characteristics. The main topics are presented within the standard framework of the International Biological Flora: distribution, habitat, communities, responses to biotic factors, responses to environment, structure and physiology, phenology, reproductive and seed characters, herbivores and disease, history, conservation and global heterogeneity. Globally, Ginkgo survives a wide range of mean annual temperature (−3.3 to 23.3°C) and annual precipitation (34–3925 mm) conditions, according to a meta‐analysis. It prefers a warm, humid, open‐canopy and a well‐drained environment. The species shows strong tolerance to drought, freezing, fire, air pollution, heavy metals and low‐level salt, whereas it is intolerant to long‐time shade and waterlogging. Six Ginkgo trees even survived the atom bomb in Hiroshima, Japan, during World War II. Ginkgo is susceptible to few diseases. Those occurring in nursery seedlings and juvenile trees involve stem rot and leaf blight. The former is caused by Macrophomina phaseoli, which could lead to a mortality rate of 5%–12% (up to 31.8%) for seedlings. This disease can be mitigated by a 4‐h shading treatment and applying organic fertilisers. The pathogens inducing leaf blight include Alternaria alternata, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Pestalotia ginkgo, which may infect 100% juvenile trees in some regions. The application of 45% carbendazim or 50% Tuzet can effectively prevent leaf blight. Ginkgo biloba is one of the world’s most distinctive trees with an important position in plant evolution and human society. It is a tall deciduous dioecious tree native to China. Refugial populations were identified in three glacial refugia located in eastern, southern and south‐western China, respectively, with a patchy distribution pattern and a small population size. It typically grows along flood‐disturbed streamsides in warm‐temperate deciduous (and evergreen mixed) broadleaved forests. Ginkgo may have been introduced repeatedly out of China since the sixth century. It has been planted as a landscape tree world‐wide, except in Antarctica. Ginkgo is also of great value for edible nuts, herbal medicine, religion and art. It is a natural and cultural symbol of China.

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Section: Reproductive and Seed Charactersmentioning

confidence: 99%

International Biological Flora:Ginkgo biloba

Lin

et al. 2022

Journal of Ecology

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“…Only the chalazal cell of the tetrad persists, forming the FM that undergoes several nuclear divisions leading to the formation of the female gametophyte. At the same time, cavitation of the pollen chamber takes place due to programmed cell death of apical nucellar cells (Jin et al ., 2012a ). The pollen chamber is the structure responsible for receiving the pollen grains where they can germinate.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…S1 c). The pollination drop, mainly produced by nucellar tissues in correspondence to the pollen chamber (Jin et al ., 2012a ), is extruded through the micropyle (Fig. 2g ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of pollination in controlling Ginkgo biloba ovule development

et al. 2021

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Summary Generally, in gymnosperms, pollination and fertilization events are temporally separated and the developmental processes leading the switch from ovule integument into seed coat are still unknown. The single ovule integument of Ginkgo biloba acquires the typical characteristics of the seed coat long before the fertilization event. In this study, we investigated whether pollination triggers the transformation of the ovule integument into the seed coat. Transcriptomics and metabolomics analyses performed on ovules just prior and after pollination lead to the identification of changes occurring in Ginkgo ovules during this specific time. A morphological atlas describing the developmental stages of ovule development is presented. The metabolic pathways involved in the lignin biosynthesis and in the production of fatty acids are activated upon pollination, suggesting that the ovule integument starts its differentiation into a seed coat before the fertilization. Omics analyses allowed an accurate description of the main changes that occur in Ginkgo ovules during the pollination time frame, suggesting the crucial role of the pollen arrival on the progression of ovule development.

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“…For example, ovules of gymnosperms have many mechanisms to raise the success rate of pollination. One of these mechanisms is the formation of a pollination drop (PD), which is produced by the ovule (Jin et al 2012a). The main function of the PD is to transport pollen to the nucellar surface after PD withdrawal (Takaso and Owens 1996;Tomlinson et al 1997;Labandeira et al 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phytohormone requirements for pollination drop secretion in Ginkgo biloba ovules

Che

Mao

Zhang

et al. 2021

Botany

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Secretion of the pollination drop (PD) plays a crucial role in the sexual reproduction of gymnosperms. However, the molecular mechanism regulating PD secretion has not been reported. In our study, we successfully constructed cDNA libraries in ovules between PD secretion and PD withdrawal stages, and identified 2975 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). These genes were involved in biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, fatty acid biosynthesis, fatty acid metabolism and hormone-related pathways. We especially identified DEGs related to jasmonic acid (JA) metabolism and signal transduction, including Gb_39942 (SDP1), Gb_03931 (OPR2), and Gb_18696 (4CLL4), which are all upregulated at the stage of PD secretion in Ginkgo biloba. Gb_17431 (TIF3B) and Gb_17432 (TIF9), which encode the negative regulator JAZ protein, are downregulated during this period. We also found that KO1 (Gb_05787 and Gb_38576) and GA20ox1 (Gb_16591), which are related to gibberellin (GA) synthesis, had increased expression, whereas Gb_17754, encoding the GA receptor GID1, is downregulated at the PD secretion. From these results, we predicted that JA and GA may play important roles in the regulation of PD secretion in G. biloba ovules.

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The behavior of pollination drop secretion in Ginkgo biloba L.

Cited by 11 publications

References 28 publications

International Biological Flora:Ginkgo biloba

International Biological Flora:Ginkgo biloba

The role of pollination in controlling Ginkgo biloba ovule development

Phytohormone requirements for pollination drop secretion in Ginkgo biloba ovules

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