The bisphenol S contamination level observed in human follicular fluid affects the development of porcine oocytes

Abstract

Bisphenol S (BPS), the main replacement for bisphenol A (BPA), is thought to be toxic, but limited information is available on the effects of Bisphenol S on ovarian follicles. In our study, we demonstrated the presence of Bisphenol S in the follicular fluid of women at a concentration of 22.4 nM. The effect of such concentrations of Bisphenol S on oocyte maturation and subsequent embryo development is still unknown. Therefore, we focused on the effect of Bisphenol S on in vitro oocyte maturation, fertilization, and embryo development. As a model, we used porcine oocytes, which show many physiological similarities to human oocytes. Oocytes were exposed to Bisphenol S concentrations similar to those detected in female patients in the ART clinic. We found a decreased ability of oocytes to successfully complete meiotic maturation. Mature oocytes showed an increased frequency of meiotic spindle abnormalities and chromosome misalignment. Alarming associations of oocyte Bisphenol S exposure with the occurrence of aneuploidy and changes in the distribution of mitochondria and mitochondrial proteins were demonstrated for the first time. However, the number and quality of blastocysts derived from oocytes that successfully completed meiotic maturation under the influence of Bisphenol S was not affected.

Comparison of the Effect of BPA and Related Bisphenols on Membrane Integrity, Mitochondrial Activity, and Steroidogenesis of H295R Cells In Vitro

“…Using this direct technique, they discovered a geometric mean BPA in urine samples that were 44 times greater than the previously published geometric mean for US adults based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey [48]. There are fewer studies examining the occurrence and concentration of bisphenol A alternatives; however, the presence of BPS in human tissues and body fluids has been shown without question [49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57]. The presence of BPB [58], BPAF [59][60][61], and BPF [54][55][56][57] have also been confirmed in human samples.…”

Disposables used cumulatively in routine IVF procedures could display toxicity

“…While their impact on fertility is less well studied, initial reports indicate they also exhibit negative effects on reproductive functions, albeit through distinct intracellular pathways and mechanisms compared to BPA ( Rochester and Bolden, 2015 ; Abouhamzeh et al , 2023 ). In various animal models, BPS has been shown to disrupt granulosa cell steroidogenesis ( Téteau et al , 2020 , 2023 ), impair the in vitro early developmental competence of oocytes and embryos ( Desmarchais et al , 2020 ; Žalmanová et al , 2023 ) and reduce the motility of spermatozoa ( Torres-Badia et al , 2023 ; Téteau et al , 2023 ). Similarly, BPF has been shown to affect motility, capacitation, and mitochondrial membrane potential in cryopreserved bovine sperm ( Nguyen et al , 2022 ; Davis et al , 2023 ).…”