The BLICK Mnemonic for Clinical–Anatomical Assessment of Patients With Epiphora

Tse, David T.; Erickson, Benjamin P.; Tse, Brian C.

doi:10.1097/iop.0000000000000281

Cited by 15 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…This group includes entropion, ectropion, trichiasis/distichiasis, and other less common problems which were reported by Tse et al [15]. The authors especially specified the importance of blinking and the factors that effect this mechanism.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…In our study, such pathologies included mass closing punctum, conjunctivochalasis, inflamed pterygium, and double punctum anomalies, all of which had a 2.4% (4/163) rate. Conjunctivochalasis is an interesting condition that causes epiphora by mechanically displacing the normal tear meniscus and impeding the flow along the eyelid margin toward the punctum [15]. These rare causes varied between 0.7% and 5.1% in other studies [2, 7].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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How Important Is the Etiology in the Treatment of Epiphora?

Ulusoy

Kıvanç

Atakan

et al. 2016

Journal of Ophthalmology

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Purpose. There are several etiological factors that cause epiphora, and treatment differs according to the cause. We aimed to evaluate the etiology of epiphora and the treatment modalities of the affected patients. Materials and Methods. Data of patients who were referred to ophthalmology clinics for epiphora were retrospectively analyzed. All patients were evaluated for epiphora etiology, treatment modalities, and duration of complaints, after complete ophthalmologic examination. Results. This study consisted of 163 patients with a mean age of 64.61 ± 16.52 years (range 1–92 years). Lacrimal system disease (48.4% [79/163]) was the most common cause, followed by ocular surface disease (dry eye/blepharitis) (38.7% [63/163]). Among the patients included in this study, 69% (113/163) did not receive any treatment, whereas only 1.8% (3/163) were treated surgically. About 4.3% of the patients (7/163) had a complaint for more than 5 years (p = 0.012) and six of these had chronic dacryocystitis and one had ectropion. Conclusion. Epiphora not only has a negative impact on patients' comfort, but also puts them at risk for probable intraocular operations in the future. Therefore, the wide range of its etiology must be taken into consideration and adequate etiology-specific treatment options must be applied.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How Important Is the Etiology in the Treatment of Epiphora?

Ulusoy

Kıvanç

Atakan

et al. 2016

Journal of Ophthalmology

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“…It was previously reported that eyelid disorders, including entropion, ectropion, trichiasis, and conjunctivochalasis, may induce epiphora. 16 Ectropion may cause the punctum to move away from the bulbus, thus obstructing lacrimal drainage. In entropion, the lid margin turns inward toward the ocular surface and may damage the cornea and conjunctiva, causing reflex tearing.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, conjunctivochalasis may cause epiphora by mechanically displacing the normal tear meniscus and impeding tear flow along the eyelid margin toward the punctum. 16 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The proportion of ocular surface diseases in untreated patients with epiphora

Ishikawa¹,

Murayama²,

Kato³

2018

OPTH

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PurposeVarious ocular surface disorders, such as dry eye, infectious and non-infectious inflammation, anatomical anomalies in lid structure, and/or obstruction of the tear outflow tract, can cause epiphora. However, few reports have described the proportions of causative diseases in patients with epiphora. Therefore, we investigated the frequent causes of epiphora in older adult patients.Materials and methodsWe enrolled 220 patients (70 men, 150 women) who visited a primary eye care clinic from January 2016 to August 2017 with lacrimation as a chief complaint. The mean age of the patients was 61.3±10.9 years. The causes of epiphora were assessed by slit-lamp examinations, dry eye tests, fluorescein disappearance tests, and lacrimal pathway washing.ResultsThe causes of epiphora were dry eye in 96, conjunctivochalasis in 56, lacrimal obstruction in 30, conjunctivitis in 20, trichiasis in 16, and facial palsy in 2 patients. Ocular surface diseases were identified in 187 of the 220 (85%) patients who complained of epiphora. Conjunctivochalasis was observed in 36 of the 96 (38%) patients with dry eye. Among the patients with dry eye, 99% had short break-up time type dry eye, with the random break type being the most frequent type (61/96; 64%) in patients with epiphora.ConclusionAmong older adult patients whose main complaint was epiphora, 85% had ocular surface diseases. In contrast, only 15% of patients had lacrimal diseases. Short break-up time dry eye, especially the random break type, was the most frequently observed form of dry eye in our cohort.

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“…1 Epiphora is four times more common in women than in men, 2 and its prevalence ranges from 9% to 10% at 50 years old to 35–40% at 90 years old. 3 The differential diagnosis for epiphora is broad and includes reflex tearing from dry eye, with compensatory hypersecretion, 4 poor tear distribution due to altered blink dynamics and lid malposition, 5 and defective tear drainage from stenosis of the nasolacrimal drainage system. 6 The etiology of nasolacrimal duct obstruction may be primary (idiopathic) 7 or secondary, due to a variety of causes, including local inflammation or fibrosis ( e.g.…”

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confidence: 99%