The Calmodulin-related Calcium Sensor CML42 Plays a Role in Trichome Branching

Dobney, Stephanie; Chiasson, David; Lam, Polly; Smith, Steven P.; Snedden, Wayne A.

doi:10.1074/jbc.m109.056770

Cited by 90 publications

(121 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…S1). We observed that larvae gain significantly less weight on the CML42 loss-of-function mutant (Dobney et al, 2009) as compared with the wild type after they feed for 8 d on either plant (Fig. 2E).…”

Section: S Littoralis Os Induce Cytosolic Camentioning

confidence: 85%

“…This indicates increased defense upon CML42 loss of function, as opposed to the expected role, where loss of function would increase larval weight due to decreased plant defense. The cml42 line we used has been shown to result in plants having fewer aberrant trichomes with increased branching (Dobney et al, 2009). Although the mutant trichome-branching pattern is more pronounced in younger leaves, there is no increase in trichome density, so these do not impede the mobility of insects in the larger leaves of the 5-week-old plants used for study (Supplemental Fig.…”

Section: S Littoralis Os Induce Cytosolic Camentioning

confidence: 99%

“…CML24 is known to cause alterations in flowering time, abscisic acid (ABA), and ion stress (Delk et al, 2005;Hubbard et al, 2008). CML9 alters plant responses to ABA and abiotic stress (Magnan et al, 2008), and loss of CML42 function leads to aberrant trichomes with increased branching (Dobney et al, 2009).…”

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confidence: 99%

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CML42-Mediated Calcium Signaling Coordinates Responses to Spodoptera Herbivory and Abiotic Stresses in Arabidopsis

et al. 2012

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In the interaction between Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and the generalist herbivorous insect Spodoptera littoralis, little is known about early events in defense signaling and their link to downstream phytohormone pathways. S. littoralis oral secretions induced both Ca 2+ and phytohormone elevation in Arabidopsis. Plant gene expression induced by oral secretions revealed upregulation of a gene encoding a calmodulin-like protein, CML42. Functional analysis of cml42 plants revealed more resistance to herbivory than in the wild type, because caterpillars gain less weight on the mutant, indicating that CML42 negatively regulates plant defense; cml42 also showed increased aliphatic glucosinolate content and hyperactivated transcript accumulation of the jasmonic acid (JA)-responsive genes VSP2 and Thi2.1 upon herbivory, which might contribute to increased resistance. CML42 up-regulation is negatively regulated by the jasmonate receptor Coronatine Insensitive1 (COI1), as loss of functional COI1 resulted in prolonged CML42 activation. CML42 thus acts as a negative regulator of plant defense by decreasing COI1-mediated JA sensitivity and the expression of JA-responsive genes and is independent of herbivory-induced JA biosynthesis. JA-induced Ca 2+ elevation and root growth inhibition were more sensitive in cml42, also indicating higher JA perception. Our results indicate that CML42 acts as a crucial signaling component connecting Ca 2+ and JA signaling. CML42 is localized to cytosol and nucleus. CML42 is also involved in abiotic stress responses, as kaempferol glycosides were down-regulated in cml42, and impaired in ultraviolet B resistance. Under drought stress, the level of abscisic acid accumulation was higher in cml42 plants. Thus, CML42 might serve as a Ca 2+ sensor having multiple functions in insect herbivory defense and abiotic stress responses.

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Section: S Littoralis Os Induce Cytosolic Camentioning

confidence: 85%

Section: S Littoralis Os Induce Cytosolic Camentioning

confidence: 99%

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CML42-Mediated Calcium Signaling Coordinates Responses to Spodoptera Herbivory and Abiotic Stresses in Arabidopsis

et al. 2012

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“…Loss of CML42 function leads to aberrant trichomes with increased branching, while mutation of CML24 causes alterations in flowering time (Delk et al, 2005;Tsai et al, 2007;Dobney et al, 2009). Moreover, CML24 functions in responses to ABA and ionic stress, and mutation of CML9 alters plant responses to ABA and abiotic stresses (Delk et al, 2005;Magnan et al, 2008).…”

Section: Decoding and Relay Of Ca 2+ Signalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Calcium Signals: The Lead Currency of Plant Information Processing

2010

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Ca 2+ signals are core transducers and regulators in many adaptation and developmental processes of plants. Ca 2+ signals are represented by stimulus-specific signatures that result from the concerted action of channels, pumps, and carriers that shape temporally and spatially defined Ca 2+ elevations. Cellular Ca 2+ signals are decoded and transmitted by a toolkit of Ca 2+ binding proteins that relay this information into downstream responses. Major transduction routes of Ca 2+ signaling involve Ca 2+ -regulated kinases mediating phosphorylation events that orchestrate downstream responses or comprise regulation of gene expression via Ca 2+ -regulated transcription factors and Ca 2+ -responsive promoter elements. Here, we review some of the remarkable progress that has been made in recent years, especially in identifying critical components functioning in Ca 2+ signal transduction, both at the single-cell and multicellular level. Despite impressive progress in our understanding of the processing of Ca 2+ signals during the past years, the elucidation of the exact mechanistic principles that underlie the specific recognition and conversion of the cellular Ca 2+ currency into defined changes in protein-protein interaction, protein phosphorylation, and gene expression and thereby establish the specificity in stimulus response coupling remain to be explored.

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“…12 Moreover, loss of CML42 function leads to aberrant trichomes with increased branching. 13 We demonstrated that cellular calcium (Ca 2+ ) elevation is an early event in the interaction between S. littoralis and A. thaliana. Up to now, among the numerous CMLs only one (CML42) has been described to be involved in plant response to insect herbivory.…”

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confidence: 99%

Multiple calmodulin-like proteins in Arabidopsis are induced by insect-derived (Spodoptera littoralis) oral secretion

Vadassery

Scholz

Mithöfer

2012

Plant Signaling & Behavior

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Throughout their life, plants are challenged by various abiotic and biotic changes in their environment. Any appropriate reaction to such environmental variations needs the recognition of the respective information, followed by downstream intracellular signaling leading to a specific response. Most of the time, upon perception of stress signals, a transient increase in the cytosolic calcium (Ca 2+ ) concentration can be observed in plant cells. 1,2However, Ca 2+ elevations due to stress signals are rather ubiquitous, general responses. One of the determinants of specificity is Ca 2+ signature, specific to a stimulus, characterized by its duration, amplitude, frequency, and location; the other is presence of Ca 2+ sensor proteins that contribute to the induction of specific physiological response.3 In plants, Ca 2+ sensor proteins are classified as sensor responders, (e.g., calmodulin-dependent protein kinases, CDPKs) and sensor relay proteins. The latter proteins only undergo conformational changes upon Ca 2+ binding and subsequently interact with target proteins. Calmodulin-like proteins (CMLs) are sensor relay proteins which are unique to plants with 50 members in Arabidopsis thaliana. 4 They possess 2 to 6 predicted Ca 2+ -binding EF hand motifs. With calmodulins, CMLs share at least 15% identity on the amino acid level. 4,5 CMLs are involved in stress perception and plant development. For example, CML24 is known to cause alterations in flowering time, abscisic acid (ABA) level and ion stress; 6,7 CML37, CML38 and CML39 transcripts are regulated by abiotic stress (salt and drought), phytohormones (jasmonate and ABA), and biotic stress (phytopathogenic Pseudomonas syringae). 9 CML9 alters plant responses to ABA and abiotic stress and CML9 gene is induced by infection with P. syringae, flg22 elicitor, and SA. 10,11 Only recently it was demonstrated that CML42 represents both a negative regulator of insect herbivoryinduced defense, drought induced ABA levels and a positive regulator of UV stress.12 Moreover, loss of CML42 function leads to aberrant trichomes with increased branching. 13 We demonstrated that cellular calcium (Ca 2+ ) elevation is an early event in the interaction between S. littoralis and A. thaliana. Up to now, among the numerous CMLs only one (CML42) has been described to be involved in plant response to insect herbivory. 12 In order to identify new herbivory-related targets in the CML gene family, we investigated the transcript level of various CML genes in A. thaliana upon treatment with oral secretions (OS) from larvae of the generalist herbivore S. littoralis. Preliminary microarray analyses using an Affymetrix array revealed that besides the strongly induced CML42 (At4g20780), 12 other CMLs were regulated by S. littoralis OS application as well. Here, using quantitative real time PCR, we further confirmed and explored the regulation of CMLs in more detail.Therefore, A. thaliana leaves were wounded and treated with either water (control) or S. littoralis OS and CMLs expression was analyze...

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The Calmodulin-related Calcium Sensor CML42 Plays a Role in Trichome Branching

Cited by 90 publications

References 48 publications

CML42-Mediated Calcium Signaling Coordinates Responses to Spodoptera Herbivory and Abiotic Stresses in Arabidopsis

CML42-Mediated Calcium Signaling Coordinates Responses to Spodoptera Herbivory and Abiotic Stresses in Arabidopsis

Calcium Signals: The Lead Currency of Plant Information Processing

Multiple calmodulin-like proteins in Arabidopsis are induced by insect-derived (Spodoptera littoralis) oral secretion

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