The case for studying tadpole autecology, with comments on strategies to study other small,fast‐movinganimals in nature

Abstract

Two of the most fundamental questions in tadpole biology, also applicable to most small, under‐studied organisms are: (1) ‘Why are they built the way they are?’ and (2) ‘Why do they live where they do?’ Regrettably, despite significant progress in most aspects of tadpole biology, the answers to these questions are not much better now than they were in the last century. We propose that an autecological approach, that is the careful observation of individuals and how they interact with the environment, is a potential path towards a fuller understanding of tadpole ecomorphology and evolution. We also discuss why more attention should be given to studying atypical tadpoles from atypical environments, such as torrential streams, water‐filled cavities of terrestrial plants and wet rock surfaces neighbouring streams. Granted, tadpoles are rare in these settings, but in those unusual habitats the physical environments can be well described and characterized. In contrast, the more common ponds where tadpoles are found are typically too structurally complex to be easily delineated. This makes it difficult to know exactly what individual tadpoles are doing and what environmental parameters they are responding to. Our overall thesis is that to understand tadpoles we must see exactly what they are doing, where they are doing it, and how they are doing it. This takes work, but we suggest it is feasible and could greatly advance our understanding of how anuran larvae have evolved. The same strategies for studying tadpoles that we encourage here can be applied to the study of many other small and fast‐moving animals.

Effects of abiotic and biotic drivers on tadpoles in seasonal rock pools of Western Ghats rock outcrops, India

“…Frogs have biphasic life histories, and most spend a significant amount of time in their larval form (tadpoles), a stage that can have implications for their adult populations (Berven, 1990; Liedtke et al, 2022). Despite this, past research has mostly focused on studying adult frogs (Vera Candioti et al, 2023; Annibale et al, 2023). Tadpoles’ survival depends on various biotic and abiotic factors in the aquatic habitat, including predation, competition, aquatic permanence, temperature and anthropogenic disturbances, among others (Van Buskirk & Smith, 2021; Alford, 1999; Cayuela et al, 2020).…”