The Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (Ces-D) Scale: Assessment of Depression in the Medically Ill Elderly

Schein, Rebecca L.; Koenig, Harold G.

doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1166(199704)12:4<436::aid-gps499>3.0.co;2-m

Cited by 100 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Yet, this has been criticized as producing a high false-positive rate and poor specificity in medical outpatients and inpatients. 18,19 Therefore, the recommended cut-score of 20 was used.The frequency of mood symptoms between the PD and dystonia patients was analyzed via two-way χ 2 test for independence, whereas severity of mood symptoms was examined via independent sample t tests. …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Dissociating apathy and depression in Parkinson disease

Kirsch-Darrow¹,

Fernandez²,

Marsiske³

et al. 2006

Neurology

269

206

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Objective-To examine the hypothesis that apathy is a core feature of Parkinson disease (PD) and that apathy can be dissociated from depression. Methods-Eighty patients with PD and 20 patients with dystonia completed depression and apathy measures including the Marin Apathy Evaluation Scale (AES), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and Centers for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D).Results-There was a significantly higher severity and frequency of apathy in PD (frequency = 51%, 41/80) than in dystonia (frequency = 20%, 4/20). Apathy in the absence of depression was frequent in PD and did not occur in dystonia (PD = 28.8%, dystonia = 0%). Conclusions-Patients withParkinson disease (PD) experienced significantly higher frequency and severity of apathy when compared with patients with dystonia. Apathy may be a "core" feature of PD and occurs in the absence of depression.Recent attention has focused on a "syndrome of apathy": a primary loss of motivation, loss of interest, and loss of effortful behavior. 1,2 It has been proposed that apathy can manifest in neurologic disorders as both a symptom and a syndrome. 3 Specific diagnostic criteria for a syndrome of apathy include a primary lack of motivation that manifests itself in three domains. The behavioral domain includes lack of effort, lack of productivity, and dependence on others to structure activities. The cognitive domain includes loss of interest in new experience and lack of concern about one's problems. The affective domain includes flattened affect and lack of response to positive or negative events. Emphasized is the primary lack of motivation that is not purely accounted for by intellectual impairment, emotional distress, or diminished consciousness such as drowsiness or delirium. 3 However, it remains unclear whether apathy is a distinct syndrome or merely a symptom of depression. Depressed patients often have symptoms of apathy. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; DSM-IV) criteria for a major depressive episode demand at least five symptoms and require either a depressed mood or a markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities. Loss of interest is also a cognitive symptom of apathy. Thus, depression includes symptoms of apathy. However, it has been suggested that apathy can occur in the absence of depression, and depression can occur in the absence of apathy. 2 At least six studies have investigated apathy in PD. 1,2,4-7 Several used informant-based rating scales. Because motivation is an internal state that may be difficult for informants to assess accurately, especially given the difficulties patients with PD have in expressing emotions (e.g., "masked facies"). It may be more accurate to allow patients with PD to answer questions. Other studies did not use a movement disorder control group. Without such, there is no way to know if rates of apathy are uniquely higher in PD. Comparison with another subcortical disorder would be a strong test of whether apathy is a "core feature" of PD. Therefore, w...

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Dissociating apathy and depression in Parkinson disease

Kirsch-Darrow¹,

Fernandez²,

Marsiske³

et al. 2006

Neurology

269

206

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“…32,174 It has acceptable construct validity 32,174,175 and discriminant validity (no depression vs. major depressive disorder), 176,177 but it may lack utility in distinguishing between gradations of severity within the clinical range of depression (minor vs. major depression). 178 The scale is in the public domain (see, for example, Table 3 located in Supplementary Materials) and has been translated and used in multiple European, Middle Eastern, and Asian languages.…”

Section: Depression In Non-pd Patientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Depression rating scales in Parkinson's disease: Critique and recommendations

Schrag¹,

Barone²,

Brown³

et al. 2007

Movement Disorders

594

348

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Depression is a common comorbid condition in Parkinson's disease (PD) and a major contributor to poor quality of life and disability. However, depression can be difficult to assess in patients with PD due to overlapping symptoms and difficulties in the assessment of depression in cognitively impaired patients. As several rating scales have been used to assess depression in PD (dPD), the Movement Disorder Society commissioned a task force to assess their clinimetric properties and make clinical recommendations regarding their use. A systematic literature review was conducted to explore the use of depression scales in PD and determine which scales should be selected for this review. The scales reviewed were the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Hamilton Depression Scale (Ham-D), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) Part I, Cornell Scale for the Assessment of Depression in Dementia (CSDD), and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Seven clinical researchers with clinical and research experience in the assessment of dPD were assigned to review the scales using a structured format. The most appropriate scale is dependent on the clinical or research goal. However, observer-rated scales are preferred if the study or clinical situation permits. For screening purposes, the HAM-D, BDI, HADS, MADRS, and GDS are valid in dPD. The CES-D and CSDD are alternative instruments that need validation in dPD. For measurement of severity of depressive symptoms, the Ham-D, MADRS, BDI, and SDS scales are recommended. Further studies are needed to validate the CSDD, which could be particularly useful for the assessment of severity of dPD in patients with comorbid dementia. To account for overlapping motor and nonmotor symptoms of depression, adjusted instrument cutoff scores may be needed for dPD, and scales to assess severity of motor symptoms (e.g., UPDRS) should also be included to help adjust for confounding factors. The HADS and the GDS include limited motor symptom assessment and may, therefore, be most useful in rating depression severity across a range of PD severity; however, these scales appear insensitive in severe depression. The complex and time-consuming task of developing a new scale to measure depression specifically for patients with PD is currently not warranted.

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“…Из шкал-опросников де-прессий без возрастной специ фичности разработки вы-браны и применялись шкала депрессии Бека (Beck Depression Inventory -BDI), шкала депрессии Цунга (Zung Depression Rating Scale -ZDS) [7]; госпитальная шкала оценки тревоги и депрессии (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale -HADS) [8] и шкала депрессии Центра эпидемиологических исследований (Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression -CES-D) [30] в тради-ционной и краткой версиях. Последний выбор основан на данных литературы, отметивших, что в пожилом возрасте оценка краткой CES-D-10 (десять пунктов, два варианта ответа) может быть точнее полной CES-D-20 (двадцать пунктов, четыре варианта ответа) вследствие исключения пунктов, отражающих симптомы соматических заболева-ний.…”

Section: материал и методыunclassified

“…Последний выбор основан на данных литературы, отметивших, что в пожилом возрасте оценка краткой CES-D-10 (десять пунктов, два варианта ответа) может быть точнее полной CES-D-20 (двадцать пунктов, четыре варианта ответа) вследствие исключения пунктов, отражающих симптомы соматических заболева-ний. Значения CES-D-20 и CES-D-10 у пожилых больных сохраняют сильную (r=0,77-0,96) и достоверную корре-ляцию [13,16,17,19,[27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37].…”

Section: материал и методыunclassified

“…При этом в оценку депрессии BDI заложена конвергентная валидность со значениями CES-D и GDS [6,10,15,24,48,53,58,59]. Для ZDS отмечена конвергентная валидность оценок с BDI, CES-D, HAM-D (Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; шкала депрессии Гамильтона) и GDS [7,27,28,30,31,43,51,[60][61][62]. Оценки субшкалы HADS-D показали корреля-цию с показателями BDI и GDS [7,39,49,50,54].…”

Section: результаты и обсуждениеunclassified

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The possibility of using standardized self-report anxiety and depression scales in elderly patients: Depression scales/questionnaires in elderly

Ivanets

Kinkulkina

Avdeeva

et al. 2016

Z. nevrol. psikhiatr. im. S.S. Korsakova

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введениеНастоящая работа является продолжением исследо-вания, результаты которого были опубликованы в одном из предыдущих выпусков журнала 1 . В первой публикации были проанализированы особенности и результаты при-менения шкал самооценки тревоги в пожилом возрасте.Это исследование посвящено шкалам-опросникам де-прессии в пожилом возрасте.В литературе имеется достаточно много шкал само-оценки депрессии, предназначенных для всех возрастных групп, но специфичных для пожилого возраста -мало, и ощутим дефицит информации по валидизации, условиям применения и интерпретации результатов в этих случаях. Между тем применение шкал самооценки депрессий, раз-работанных без учета возрастных особенностей, снижает диагностическую эффективность у пожилых [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. В этом отношении особенно важны шкалы самооценки Цель исследования. Изучение возможностей применения шкал-опросников депрессии в пожилом возрасте, оценка показателей их валидности и разработка практических рекомендаций для использования в клинической практике. материал и методы. выборка включала 234 больных старше 50 лет с тревожными депрессиями. Применялись следующие шкалы-опросники депрессии: BdI, GdS-15, CES-d-10, CES-d-20, zdS и hadS-d в начале исследования и после 12 нед терапии. обработка результатов включала расчет показателей конвергентной, дискриминантной и диагностической валидности шкал-опросников депрессии в пожилом возрасте. результаты. Было установлено, что все изученные шкалы-опросники эффективны для диагностики депрессии в пожилом возрасте. доказана возможность их применения у пожилых больных с легким снижением когнитивных функций. Подтвержден рост корреляции оценок шкал депрессии и тревоги в пожилом возрасте до потери дискриминантной валидности «сдвоенных» шкал-опросников альтернативным набором симптомов для диагностики депрессии и тревоги. Заключение. на основе полученных результатов разработаны общие и индивидуальные (для каждой шкалы) рекомендации оптимального применения шкал-опросников депрессии при обследовании лиц пожилого возраста. Objective. To study possibilities of using depression scales in elderly patients, evaluate the parameters of their reliability and validity and develop practical recommendations on the use of these scales in clinical practice. Material and methods. The study included 234 patients, aged over 50 years, with anxious depression. The following scales/questionnaires BdI, were used at baseline and 12 weeks after treatment. data analysis included the calculation of convergent, discriminative and diagnostic validity of depression scales/questionnaires in elderly. Results. all scales are effective for the diagnosis of depression in elderly people. The possibility of using these scales in patients with mild cognitive impairment is shown. an increase of the correlation between the scores on depression and anxiety scales up to the loss of discriminative validity of «double» scales/questionnaires by the alternative set of symptoms for the diagnosis of depression and anx...

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The Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (Ces-D) Scale: Assessment of Depression in the Medically Ill Elderly

Cited by 100 publications

References 17 publications

Dissociating apathy and depression in Parkinson disease

Dissociating apathy and depression in Parkinson disease

Depression rating scales in Parkinson's disease: Critique and recommendations

The possibility of using standardized self-report anxiety and depression scales in elderly patients: Depression scales/questionnaires in elderly

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