The CERN-EU high-energy Reference Field (CERF) facility: New FLUKA reference values of spectral fluences, present and newly proposed operational quantities

Pozzi, Fabio; Silari, M.

doi:10.1016/j.nima.2020.164477

Cited by 8 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…All the above is complemented by a long-standing initiative to generate new experimental data for benchmarks of radiation transport simulation codes with a focus on the relevance to real-world applications. Examples are neutron spectra at the CERN-EU High-Energy Fields (CERF) facility [45][46][47], neutron spectra and activation at the CERN Shielding Benchmark Facility (CSBF) [48,49], activation at the CERN High-energy AcceleRator (CHARM) test facility [50] and activation due to stray radiation from the annihilation of lowenergy antiprotons in steel [51].…”

Section: Validation Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

New Capabilities of the FLUKA Multi-Purpose Code

et al. 2022

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FLUKA is a general purpose Monte Carlo code able to describe the transport and interaction of any particle and nucleus type in complex geometries over an energy range extending from thermal neutrons to ultrarelativistic hadron collisions. It has many different applications in accelerator design, detector studies, dosimetry, radiation protection, medical physics, and space research. In 2019, CERN and INFN, as FLUKA copyright holders, together decided to end their formal collaboration framework, allowing them henceforth to pursue different pathways aimed at meeting the evolving requirements of the FLUKA user community, and at ensuring the long term sustainability of the code. To this end, CERN set up the FLUKA.CERN Collaboration1. This paper illustrates the physics processes that have been newly released or are currently implemented in the code distributed by the FLUKA.CERN Collaboration2 under new licensing conditions that are meant to further facilitate access to the code, as well as intercomparisons. The description of coherent effects experienced by high energy hadron beams in crystal devices, relevant to promising beam manipulation techniques, and the charged particle tracking in vacuum regions subject to an electric field, overcoming a former lack, have already been made available to the users. Other features, namely the different kinds of low energy deuteron interactions as well as the synchrotron radiation emission in the course of charged particle transport in vacuum regions subject to magnetic fields, are currently undergoing systematic testing and benchmarking prior to release. FLUKA is widely used to evaluate radiobiological effects, with the powerful support of the Flair graphical interface, whose new generation (Available at http://flair.cern) offers now additional capabilities, e.g., advanced 3D visualization with photorealistic rendering and support for industry-standard volume visualization of medical phantoms. FLUKA has also been playing an extensive role in the characterization of radiation environments in which electronics operate. In parallel, it has been used to evaluate the response of electronics to a variety of conditions not included in radiation testing guidelines and standards for space and accelerators, and not accessible through conventional ground level testing. Instructive results have been obtained from Single Event Effects (SEE) simulations and benchmarks, when possible, for various radiation types and energies. The code has reached a high level of maturity, from which the FLUKA.CERN Collaboration is planning a substantial evolution of its present architecture. Moving towards a modern programming language allows to overcome fundamental constraints that limited development options. Our long term goal, in addition to improving and extending its physics performances with even more rigorous scientific oversight, is to modernize its structure to integrate independent contributions more easily and to formalize quality assurance through state-of-the-art software deployment techniques. This includes a continuous integration pipeline to automatically validate the codebase as well as automatic processing and analysis of a tailored physics-case test suite. With regard to the aforementioned objectives, several paths are currently envisaged, like finding synergies with Geant4, both at the core structure and interface level, this way offering the user the possibility to run with the same input different Monte Carlo codes and crosscheck the results.

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Section: Validation Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

New Capabilities of the FLUKA Multi-Purpose Code

et al. 2022

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“…The CERF facility features 40 reference positions for which the composition of the radiation field and of the energy spectrum is precisely known 36 . The reference positions are labelled as IT (Iron Top), CT (Concrete Top) and CS (Concrete Side) followed by a number (e.g.…”

Section: Characterization Of Neutron Fields At Cerfmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In particular, we measured the neutron energy spectra with the DIAMON-HE placed in the reference positions CT8, CT10, and CS3, in the experimental configuration shown in figure 1 (a), and in the pictures of figure 2. The beam monitoring on which the normalization of the FLUKA reference spectra relies, was performed by means of an air-filled, parallel-plate, transmission-type ionization chamber positioned just before the Cu target 36 . The measured number of primary particles per second is 3.7 ×10 6 s -1 , 7.8 ×10 6 s -1 , and 7.9 ×10 6 s -1 for the measurement runs in CT8, CT10, and CS3, respectively.…”

Section: The Cern-eu High-energy Reference Field (Cerf)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…FLUKA simulations for the experimental set-up with Cu target under the concrete roof-shield at CERF were performed with the FLUKA2011 version 2x.2 (May 2018), and with "PRECISIOn" settings. As the primary beam at CERF is a mixed field, the FLUKA reference energy spectra result from three simulation runs performed for each particle type, according to their statistical weight (57.0% for positive pions, 39.7% for protons and 3.3% for positive kaons) 36 .…”

Section: Fluka Monte Carlo Simulationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This work reports on the characterization of neutron fields at two different and complex accelerator facilities, namely the CERN-EU high-energy Reference Field (CERF) facility and the Bern medical cyclotron. The former features a high-energy reference mixed field with several radiation types, including neutrons, photons, protons, pions, electrons and muons 36 ; the latter is an 18 MeV medical cyclotron used for research activities by the group of the University of Bern, as well as for commercial production of radioisotopes in nuclear medicine 37 . A DIAMON-HE was used at CERF and the measurement results were compared to the reference data of the facility.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Neutron fields at high- and low-energy particle accelerators: a novel experimental approach based on the DIAMON spectrometer

Braccini

Casolaro

Dellepiane

et al. 2022

Preprint

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The characterization of particle accelerator induced neutron fields is challenging but fundamental for research and industrial activities, including radiation protection, neutron metrology, developments of neutron detectors for nuclear and high-energy physics, decommissioning of nuclear facilities, and studies of neutron damage on materials and electronic components. This work reports on the study of a novel approach to the experimental characterization of neutron spectra at two complex accelerator environments, namely the CERF, a high-energy mixed reference field at CERN in Geneva, and the Bern medical cyclotron laboratory, a facility used for multi-disciplinary research activities, and for commercial radioisotope production for nuclear medicine. In particular, measurements were performed through an innovative active neutron spectrometer called DIAMON, a device developed to provide in real time neutron energy spectra without the need of guess distributions. The intercomparison of DIAMON measurements with reference data, Monte Carlo simulations, and with the well-established neutron monitor Berthold LB 6411, has been found to be highly satisfactory in all conditions. It was demonstrated that DIAMON is an almost unique device able to characterize neutron fields induced by hadrons at 120 GeV/c as well as by protons at 18 MeV colliding with different materials. The accurate measurement of neutron spectra at medical cyclotrons during routine radionuclides production for nuclear medicine applications is of paramount importance for the facility decommissioning. The findings of this work are the basis for establishing a methodology for producing controlled proton-induced neutron beams with medical cyclotrons.

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