The Chemical Components of Electronic Cigarette Cartridges and Refill Fluids: Review of Analytical Methods

Famele, Marco; Ferranti, Carolina; Abenavoli, Carmelo; Palleschi, Luca; Mancinelli, Rosanna; Draisci, Rosa

doi:10.1093/ntr/ntu197

Cited by 63 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…21 All these findings point toward possible harms that can occur with EC use. 6,22 EC have side effects that can acutely affect users, including nausea, vomiting, dizziness, burn injuries, and upper respiratory tract irritation. 23 The e-liquid contains chemicals that directly cause airway irritation when aerosolized, including nicotine and PG.…”

Section: The Badmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Electronic Cigarette: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly

Cooke

Fergeson

Bulkhi

et al. 2015

The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice

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Section: The Badmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Electronic Cigarette: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly

Cooke

Fergeson

Bulkhi

et al. 2015

The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice

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“…This is supported by animal studies and the widespread use of e-cigarettes by people who have never smoked conventional cigarettes (Corey et al 2013; Corrigall and Coen 1989; Johnston et al 2015). The e-cigarettes deliver nicotine but only small amounts of other tobacco smoke ingredients (Famele et al 2014; Pellegrino et al 2012). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuropeptide systems and new treatments for nicotine addiction

Bruijnzeel

2016

Psychopharmacology

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RATIONALE The mildly euphoric and cognitive enhancing effects of nicotine play a role in the initiation of smoking, while dysphoria and anxiety associated with smoking cessation contribute to relapse. After the acute withdrawal phase, smoking cues, a few cigarettes (i.e., lapse), and stressors can cause relapse. Human and animal studies have shown that neuropeptides play a critical role in nicotine addiction. OBJECTIVES The goal of this paper is to describe the role of neuropeptide systems in the initiation of nicotine intake, nicotine withdrawal, and the reinstatement of extinguished nicotine seeking. RESULTS The reviewed studies indicate that several drugs that target neuropeptide systems diminish the rewarding effects of nicotine by preventing the activation of dopaminergic systems. Other peptide-based drugs diminish the hyperactivity of brain stress systems and diminish withdrawal-associated symptom severity. Blockade of hypocretin-1 and nociceptin receptors and stimulation of galanin and neurotensin receptors diminishes the rewarding effects of nicotine. Both corticotropin-releasing factor type 1 and kappa-opioid receptor antagonists diminish dysphoria and anxiety-like behavior associated with nicotine withdrawal and inhibit stress-induced reinstatement of nicotine seeking. Furthermore, blockade of vasopressin 1b receptors diminishes dysphoria during nicotine withdrawal and melanocortin 4 receptor blockade prevents stress-induced reinstatement of nicotine seeking. The role of neuropeptide systems in nicotine-primed and cue-induced reinstatement is largely unexplored, but there is evidence for a role of hypocretin-1 receptors in cue-induced reinstatement of nicotine seeking. CONCLUSION Drugs that target neuropeptide systems might decrease the euphoric effects of smoking and improve relapse rates by diminishing withdrawal symptoms and improving stress resilience.

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“…Two studies by Goniewicz et al (2013, 2014) involved the analysis of the concentration of nicotine in cartridges and e-liquids from the UK, Poland, and the United States while Kavvalakis et al (2015) evaluated products available on the Greek market. Etter et al (2013), Lisko et al (2015), and Trehy et al (2011) analyzed e-liquids and cartridges for flavoring agents, nicotine, and potential nicotine impurities. Pagano et al (2015) evaluated products purchased in the United States, as did this research group (Peace et al, 2016a).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Two Commercially Available Cannabidiol Formulations for Use in Electronic Cigarettes

et al. 2016

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Since 24 states and the District of Columbia have legalized marijuana in some form, suppliers of legal marijuana have developed Cannabis sativa products for use in electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes). Personal battery powered vaporizers, or e-cigarettes, were developed to deliver a nicotine vapor such that smokers could simulate smoking tobacco without the inherent pathology of inhaled tobacco smoke. The liquid formulations used in these devices are comprised of an active ingredient such as nicotine mixed with vegetable glycerin (VG) and/or propylene glycol (PG) and flavorings. A significant active ingredient of C. sativa, cannabidiol (CBD), has been purported to have anti-convulsant, anti-nociceptive, and anti-psychotic properties. These properties have potential medical therapies such as intervention of addictive behaviors, treatments for epilepsy, management of pain for cancer patients, and treatments for schizophrenia. However, CBD extracted from C. sativa remains a DEA Schedule I drug since it has not been approved by the FDA for medical purposes. Two commercially available e-cigarette liquid formulations reported to contain 3.3 mg/mL of CBD as the active ingredient were evaluated. These products are not regulated by the FDA in manufacturing or in labeling of the products and were found to contain 6.5 and 7.6 mg/mL of CBD in VG and PG with a variety of flavoring agents. Presently, while labeled as to content, the quality control of manufacturers and the relative safety of these products is uncertain.

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The Chemical Components of Electronic Cigarette Cartridges and Refill Fluids: Review of Analytical Methods

Cited by 63 publications

References 35 publications

The Electronic Cigarette: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly

The Electronic Cigarette: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly

Neuropeptide systems and new treatments for nicotine addiction

Evaluation of Two Commercially Available Cannabidiol Formulations for Use in Electronic Cigarettes

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