The Chinese Brief Cognitive Test: Normative Data Stratified by Gender, Age and Education

Ye, Shuling; Xie, Mengjuan; Yu, Xin; Wu, Renrong; Liu, Dengtang; Hu, Shaohua; Xu, Yong; Liu, Huanzhong; Wang, Xijin; Zhu, Gang; Wang, Huaning; Zou, Shaohong; Li, Tao; Guo, Wanjun; Xu, Xiufeng; Cheng, Yuqi; Li, Yang; Yang, Juan; Peng, Min; Li, Nan; Shi, Chuan

doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.933642

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…The four cognitive domains were assessed as follows: (1) Speed of processing: Trail Making Test-A (TMT-A), Symbol Coding Test (SC), and Stroop Color and Word tests (SCT; SWT); (2) Working memory: Digit Span Test (DS) and Spatial Span Test (SST, WMS-III); (3) Attention: Continuous Performance Test (CPT); and (4) Executive function: Mazes Test (NAB-MAZES) and Stroop Color-Word Test (SCWT). The TMT-A, SC, DS, and CPT were assessed using the Chinese Brief Cognitive Test (C-BCT), which exhibited good internal consistency and test–retest reliability, making it an effective assessment tool for schizophrenia ( 42 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Eye movements as predictor of cognitive improvement after cognitive remediation therapy in patients with schizophrenia

Zhu,

Li,

Zhou

et al. 2024

Front. Psychiatry

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AimBaseline cognitive functions of patients predicted the efficacy of cognitive remediation therapy (CRT), but results are mixed. Eye movement is a more objective and advanced assessment of cognitive functions than neuropsychological testing. We aimed to investigate the applicability of eye movements in predicting cognitive improvement after patients with schizophrenia were treated with CRT.MethodsWe recruited 79 patients with schizophrenia to complete 8 weeks of CRT and assessed their cognitive improvement outcomes. Eye movements were assessed by prosaccades, antisaccades, and free-viewing tasks at baseline, and neuropsychological tests in four cognitive domains were assessed before and after treatment to calculate treatment outcomes. Predictors of demographic information, clinical characteristics, and eye movement measures at baseline on cognitive improvement outcomes were analyzed using logistic regression analysis. We further compared the predictive performance between eye movement measurements and neuropsychological test regarding the effect of CRT on cognitive improvement, and explored factors that could be affect the treatment outcomes in different cognitive domains.ResultsAs operationally defined, 33 patients showed improved in cognition (improved group) and 46 patients did not (non-improved group) after CRT. Patients with schizophrenia being employed, lower directional error rate in antisaccade task, and lower the gap effect (i.e., the difference in saccadic latency between the gap condition and overlap condition) in prosaccade task at baseline predicted cognitive improvement in CRT. However, performance in the free-viewing task not associated with cognitive improvement in patients in CRT. Our results show that eye-movement prediction model predicted the effect of CRT on cognitive improvement in patients with schizophrenia better than neuropsychological prediction model in CRT. In addition, baseline eye-movements, cognitive reserve, antipsychotic medication dose, anticholinergic cognitive burden change, and number of training sessions were associated with improvements in four cognitive domains.ConclusionEye movements as a non-invasiveness, objective, and sensitive method of evaluating cognitive function, and combined saccadic measurements in pro- and anti-saccades tasks could be more beneficial than free-viewing task in predicting the effect of CRT on cognitive improvement in patients with schizophrenia.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To correct for demographic factors affecting cognitive performance, the raw score was transformed into a T-score in each test (Mean: 50; SD: 10) adjusted by Chinese norms ( 42 , 43 ). The higher the T-score, the better the participants completed the test.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eye movements as predictor of cognitive improvement after cognitive remediation therapy in patients with schizophrenia

Zhu,

Li,

Zhou

et al. 2024

Front. Psychiatry

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“…C-BCT is a localized cognitive assessment tool for SCZ adapted for China. 18 The target patients are those who have cognitive impairment and those who have been treated with medication to observe the effects of the treatment. A total of four tests are included, including the connectivity test, symbol encoding, continuous operation, and digital breadth.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Decline in Working Memory in Stable Schizophrenia May Be Related to Attentional Impairment: Mediating Effects of Negative Symptoms, a Cross-Sectional Study

Du,

Meng,

et al. 2024

NDT

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Background Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a severe mental illness, Cognitive deficits and negative symptoms (NS) are prevalent in individuals with SCZ and are crucial indicators of functional recovery. It is well known that cognitive symptoms and negative symptoms are interrelated and that negative symptoms can affect the ability to take cognitive tests. However, the specific relationship between attention, working memory (WM), and NS in stable SCZ remains unclear. This study aims to explore these associations and provide valuable insights for the subsequent treatment of SCZ. Methods We conducted a comprehensive assessment of 145 patients with stable SCZ using the Chinese Brief Neurocognitive Suite of Tests (C-BCT) and the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS). Results Patients with abnormal cognition exhibited significantly higher PANSS total scores, cognitive symptom scores, and NS than those with normal cognition (P<0.05). Pearson’s correlation analysis revealed significant positive correlations between digital breadth(DB) and continuous operation(CO) (r=0.389, P<0.001), as well as a significant negative correlation between DB and NS (r=−0.291, P<0.001). Moreover, CO showed a negative correlation with NS (r=−0.173, P<0.05). However, no significant correlations were found between the digital breadth-anterograde score and CO or NS (r=0.148, P>0.05; r=−0.068, P>0.05). Notably, NS were identified as a mediator in the relationship between attention and WM (effect size=0.024). Conclusion Our findings highlight significant associations between WM, attention, and NS in individuals with stable SCZ. Moreover, attention not only directly impacts WM but also indirectly influences it through NS. Addressing cognitive deficits and NS in the treatment of SCZ may lead to improved overall outcomes for affected individuals.

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“…The psychometric properties of the C-BCT are well-established, including large norms, test-retest reliability and consistency across cultures. Moreover, it has been validated against traditional paper-and-pencil tests that assess equivalent domains (Ye et al, 2022 ).…”

Section: Methods and Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

A prospective cohort study of depression (PROUD) in China: rationale and design

Zhou

et al. 2023

Curr Med

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Background Major depressive disorder (MDD) imposes a heavy global disease burden. However, current etiology, diagnosis and treatment remain unsatisfactory and no previous study has resolved this problem. Building on the strengths and limitations of previous cohort studies of MDD, the prospective cohort study of depression (PROUD) is a 3-year large-scale cohort study designed to collect multidimensional data with a flexible follow-up schedule and strategy. The goal is to establish a nationally representative, high-quality, standardized depression cohort to support precise diagnosis and treatment of MDD and address the gap in current research. Methods PROUD is a patient-based, nationally representative multicenter prospective cohort study with baseline and 3-year follow-up assessments. It will be carried out from January 2022 to December 2026 in 52 qualified tertiary hospitals in China. A total of 14,000 patients diagnosed with MDD, according to the DSM-5 criteria, and aged ≥ 16 years, will be recruited to PROUD. Participants aged 18-65 years who have not received any treatment during a depressive episode will be included in the precision medicine cohort (PMC) of PROUD (n=4,000). Patients who meet the general eligibility criteria but not the PMC criteria will be included in the naturalistic observation cohort (NOC) of PROUD (n=10,000). A multiple follow-up strategy, including scheduled, remote, telephone, external visits and patient self-reports, will be implemented to collect comprehensive sociodemographic, clinical information, biospecimens, neuroimaging, cognitive function and electrophysiology data and digital phenotypes according to strict standard operating procedures implemented across centers. Trial registration: ChiCTR2200059053, registered on 23 April 2022, http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=165790. Conclusions PROUD is a prospective cohort study of MDD patients in China. It will provide a comprehensive database facilitating further analyses and aiding the development of homeostatic and precision medicine in China.

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The Chinese Brief Cognitive Test: Normative Data Stratified by Gender, Age and Education

Cited by 8 publications

References 29 publications

Eye movements as predictor of cognitive improvement after cognitive remediation therapy in patients with schizophrenia

Eye movements as predictor of cognitive improvement after cognitive remediation therapy in patients with schizophrenia

Decline in Working Memory in Stable Schizophrenia May Be Related to Attentional Impairment: Mediating Effects of Negative Symptoms, a Cross-Sectional Study

A prospective cohort study of depression (PROUD) in China: rationale and design

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