The Chinese economic model

A Laryngographic and Laryngoscopic Study of Northern Vietnamese Tones

“…The large effect of open quotient on f0 in male subjects (R 2 between 0.183 in M1 and a staggering 0.552 in M2) suggests that it might be by itself largely responsible for most of the complex contours of Vietnamese tones (especially the f0 drops in tones C1, C2 and B2). This supports the view that tone contours may play a more limited contrastive role in Northern Vietnamese than traditionally assumed [Phạm, 2001[Phạm, , 2003Brunelle, 2009c]. At the same time, our laryngoscopic videos do not confirm our expectation that ventricular adduction is always involved in the f0 drop associated with strong glottalization: while it is a common glottalization mechanism, especially in tone B2 where it is most systematic, there is no evidence for it in most tokens of glottalized tones.…”

“…A number of acoustic and perceptual studies of Vietnamese tones have been conducted since the 1960s [Trần, 1967;Han, 1969;Han and Kim, 1974;Earle, 1975;Gsell, 1980;Vũ, 1981Vũ, , 1982Seitz, 1986;Đỗ et al, 1998;Phạm, 2001;Brunelle, 2003;Phạm, 2003;Honda, 2006;Ingram and Nguyễn, 2006;Brunelle and Jannedy, 2007;Brunelle, 2009c, b;Kirby, 2010]. However, their production has not been investigated as exhaustively as their acoustics and perception, despite a few solid articulatory studies [Nguyễn and Edmondson, 1997;Michaud, 2004a;Vũ et al, 2005;Michaud et al, 2006;Nguyễn et al, 2009].…”

“…This typological overview is simplistic, but it brings up the question of the causal relation between voice quality and pitch in languages which, like Northern Vietnamese, have tonal contrasts based on both pitch and voice quality. Voice quality still affects the f0 contours of Northern Vietnamese tones, despite the fact that not all f0 modulations can be attributed to it [Phạm, 2001[Phạm, , 2003 for a phonological discussion of this relationship].…”

Assessment of Livestock Wastewater Treatment Efficiency When Using an Anaerobic Digester Combined With a Biological Pond in Nam Anh, Nghe An, Vietnam

“…The ratio of BOD 5 /COD was 0.4-0.5. According to Pham (2002), with such a ratio, wastewater contained mainly cellulose, hemicellulose, protein and insoluble starch, and it needed to undergo anaerobic treatment (Ly, 2005;Liotta et al, 2015;Bugajski et al, 2015). The concentration of suspended solids, nutrients, and micro-organisms all greatly exceeded the allow- With such characteristics, if wastewater is not treated, it will gravely affect the surrounding environment, human health, and livestock.…”