The CO2 record at the Amazon Tall Tower Observatory: A new opportunity to study processes on seasonal and inter‐annual scales

Botía, Santiago; Komiya, Shujiro; Marshall, Julia; Koch, Thomas; Gałkowski, Michał; Lavrič, Jošt V.; Gomes-Alves, Eliane; Walter, David; Fisch, Gilberto; Pinho, Davieliton Mesquita; Nelson, Bruce; Martins, Giordane; Luijkx, Ingrid T.; Koren, Gerbrand; Florentie, Liesbeth; Araújo, Alessandro; Sá, Marta; Heimann, Martin; Peters, Wouter; Gerbig, Christoph

doi:10.1111/gcb.15905

Cited by 22 publications

(31 citation statements)

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“…Ideally, these parameters are optimized using a network of eddy flux towers. Since this is not available at Réunion Island, we use the set of parameters optimized by Botía et al (2021), based on measurements from nine sites in the Amazon region in Brazil, created in the context of the Large Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment (LBA-ECO). Exact parameter values are given in Table A1 of Appendix A.…”

Section: Emissions and Initial And Boundary Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analysis of CO2, CH4, and CO surface and column concentrations observed at Réunion Island by assessing WRF-Chem simulations

et al. 2022

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Abstract. Réunion Island is situated in the Indian Ocean and holds one of the very few atmospheric observatories in the tropical Southern Hemisphere. Moreover, it hosts experiments providing both ground-based surface and column observations of CO2, CH4, and CO atmospheric concentrations. This work presents a comprehensive study of these observations made in the capital Saint-Denis and at the high-altitude Maïdo Observatory. We used simulations of the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem), in its passive tracer option (WRF-GHG), to gain more insight to the factors that determine the observed concentrations. Additionally, this study provides an evaluation of the WRF-GHG performance in a region of the globe where it has not yet been applied. A comparison of the basic meteorological fields near the surface and along atmospheric profiles showed that WRF-GHG has decent skill in reproducing these meteorological measurements, especially temperature. Furthermore, a distinct diurnal CO2 cycle with values up to 450 ppm was found near the surface in Saint-Denis, driven by local anthropogenic emissions, boundary layer dynamics, and accumulation due to low wind speed at night. Due to an overestimation of local wind speed, WRF-GHG underestimates this nocturnal buildup. At Maïdo, a similar diurnal cycle is found but with much smaller amplitude. There, surface CO2 is essentially driven by the surrounding vegetation. The hourly column-averaged mole fractions of CO2 (XCO2) of WRF-GHG and the corresponding TCCON observations were highly correlated with a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.90. These observations represent different air masses to those near the surface; they are influenced by processes from Madagascar, Africa, and further away. The model shows contributions from fires during the Southern Hemisphere biomass burning season but also biogenic enhancements associated with the dry season. Due to a seasonal bias in the boundary conditions, WRF-GHG fails to accurately reproduce the CH4 observations at Réunion Island. Furthermore, local anthropogenic fluxes are the largest source influencing the surface CH4 observations. However, these are likely overestimated. Furthermore, WRF-GHG is capable of simulating CO levels on Réunion Island with a high precision. As to the observed CO column (XCO), we confirmed that biomass burning plumes from Africa and elsewhere are important for explaining the observed variability. The in situ observations at the Maïdo Observatory can characterize both anthropogenic signals from the coastal regions and biomass burning enhancements from afar. Finally, we found that a high model resolution of 2 km is needed to accurately represent the surface observations. At Maïdo an even higher resolution might be needed because of the complex topography and local wind patterns. To simulate the column Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) observations on the other hand, a model resolution of 50 km might already be sufficient.

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Section: Emissions and Initial And Boundary Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As mentioned in Sect. 3.1, this study uses the VPRM parameter set that was optimized by Botía et al (2021) for the Amazon region in Brazil. Table A1 gives the exact values for every vegetation class.…”

Section: Appendix A: Vprm Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of CO2, CH4, and CO surface and column concentrations observed at Réunion Island by assessing WRF-Chem simulations

et al. 2022

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show abstract

“…Ideally, these parameters are optimized using a network of eddy flux towers. Since this is not available at Reunion Island, we use the set of parameters optimized by Botía et al (2021), based on measurements from nine sites in the Amazon region in Brazil, created in the context of the Large Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment (LBA-ECO). Exact parameter values are given in Table A1 Table 1.…”

Section: Emissions Initial and Boundary Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As mentioned in Sec. 3.1, this study uses the VPRM parameter set that was optimized by Botía et al (2021) for the Amazon region in Brazil. Table A1 gives the exact values for every vegetation class.…”

Section: Appendix A: Vprm Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of CO2, CH4 and CO surface and column concentrations observed at Reunion Island by assessing WRF-Chem simulations

Callewaert

Brioude

Langerock

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Abstract. Reunion Island is situated in the Indian Ocean and holds one of the very few atmospheric observatories in the tropical Southern Hemisphere. Moreover, it hosts experiments providing both ground-based surface and column observations of CO2, CH4 and CO atmospheric concentrations. This work presents a comprehensive study of these observations made in the capital Saint-Denis and at the high-altitude Maïdo Observatory. We used simulations of the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem), in its passive tracer option (WRF-GHG), to gain more insight in the factors that determine the observed concentrations. Additionally, this study provides an evaluation of the WRF-GHG performance in a region of the globe where it has not yet been applied. A comparison of the basic meteorological fields near the surface and along atmospheric profiles showed that WRF-GHG has decent skill in reproducing these meteorological measurements, especially temperature. Furthermore, a distinct diurnal CO2 cycle with values up to 450 ppm was found near the surface in Saint-Denis, driven by local anthropogenic emissions, boundary layer dynamics and accumulation due to low wind speed at night. Due to an overestimation of local wind speed, WRF-GHG underestimates this nocturnal buildup. At Maïdo, a similar diurnal cycle is found but with much smaller amplitude. There, surface CO2 is essentially driven by the surrounding vegetation. The hourly column-averaged mole fractions of CO2 (XCO2) of WRF-GHG and the corresponding TCCON observations were highly correlated with a coefficient of 0.90. These observations represent different air masses than those near the surface, they are influenced by processes from Madagascar, Africa and further away. The model shows contributions from fires during the Southern Hemisphere biomass burning season, but also biogenic enhancements associated with the dry season. Due to a seasonal bias in the boundary conditions, WRF-GHG fails to accurately reproduce the CH4 observations at Reunion Island. Further, local anthropogenic fluxes are the largest source influencing the surface CH4 observations. However, these are likely overestimated. Further, WRF-GHG is capable of simulating CO levels on Reunion Island with a high precision. As to the observed CO column (XCO), we confirmed that biomass burning plumes from Africa and elsewhere are important for explaining the observed variability. The in situ observations at the Maïdo Observatory can characterize both anthropogenic signals from the coastal regions and biomass burning enhancements from afar. Finally, we found that a high model resolution of 2 km is needed to accurately represent the surface observations. At Maïdo an even higher resolution might be needed because of the complex topography and local wind patterns. To simulate the column FTIR observations on the other hand, a model resolution of 50 km might already be sufficient.

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“…In this study, we use the CarboScope Regional (CSR) inversion system to assimilate the 2010-2018 airborne CO 2 profile record, and in addition data from measurements made at the Amazon Tall Tower Observatory (ATTO), the continuous and long-term CO 2 record (Botía et al, 2022). We build upon previous studies using the CSR system in Europe (Kountouris et al, 2018b,a), to explore its capability to constrain NBE fluxes at the continental scale over a larger domain, but with a sparser observational network.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Greenhouse gas exchange in the Amazon region : carbon dioxide and methane insights from the Amazon Tall Tower Observatory (ATTO)

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Chapter 2 Understanding nighttime methane signals at ATTO 21 Chapter 3 The CO 2 record at the Amazon Tall Tower Observatory: a new opportunity to study processes on seasonal and inter-annual scales 57 Chapter 4 Net carbon exchange in tropical South America 97 Chapter 5 Discussion and outlook 137 References 151 About the author 183 During 1999 and 2006 the atmospheric growth rate of CH 4 was stable (Dlugokencky E. et al., 2011), followed by a renewed growth, steeper than that of the years before 1999 (Nisbet et al., 2016). These contrasting dynamics have led to large interest in understanding what caused the stagnation and what is causing the actual steep growth.

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The CO₂ record at the Amazon Tall Tower Observatory: A new opportunity to study processes on seasonal and inter‐annual scales

Abstract: This is an open access article under the terms of the Creat ive Commo ns Attri bution-NonCo mmercial License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.

Cited by 22 publications

References 127 publications

Analysis of CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>, and CO surface and column concentrations observed at Réunion Island by assessing WRF-Chem simulations

Analysis of CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>, and CO surface and column concentrations observed at Réunion Island by assessing WRF-Chem simulations

Analysis of CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub> and CO surface and column concentrations observed at Reunion Island by assessing WRF-Chem simulations

Greenhouse gas exchange in the Amazon region : carbon dioxide and methane insights from the Amazon Tall Tower Observatory (ATTO)

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The CO2 record at the Amazon Tall Tower Observatory: A new opportunity to study processes on seasonal and inter‐annual scales

Abstract: This is an open access article under the terms of the Creat ive Commo ns Attri bution-NonCo mmercial License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.

Cited by 22 publications

References 127 publications

Analysis of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, and CO surface and column concentrations observed at Réunion Island by assessing WRF-Chem simulations

Analysis of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, and CO surface and column concentrations observed at Réunion Island by assessing WRF-Chem simulations

Analysis of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; and CO surface and column concentrations observed at Reunion Island by assessing WRF-Chem simulations

Greenhouse gas exchange in the Amazon region : carbon dioxide and methane insights from the Amazon Tall Tower Observatory (ATTO)

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Product

Resources

About

The CO₂ record at the Amazon Tall Tower Observatory: A new opportunity to study processes on seasonal and inter‐annual scales

Analysis of CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>, and CO surface and column concentrations observed at Réunion Island by assessing WRF-Chem simulations

Analysis of CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>, and CO surface and column concentrations observed at Réunion Island by assessing WRF-Chem simulations

Analysis of CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub> and CO surface and column concentrations observed at Reunion Island by assessing WRF-Chem simulations