“…These risk factors are insufficient waste supply, disposal of nonlicensed waste, environmental risk, payment risk, and lack of supporting infrastructure. The writers have conducted a comprehensive literature re-view to identify risk factors in PPP WTE incineration projects, including Xu et al (2015), Wang and Tiong (2000), Kumaraswamy and Zhang (2001), Grimsey and Lewis (2002), Mills et al (2006), Xu et al (2006), Ng and Loosemore (2007), Xu and Li (2008), Qi et al (2009), Ouyang and Wu (2010), Weber and Alfen (2010), Cheung and Chan (2011), Song et al (2013), World Bank (2014), Zhang and Xiong (2015), Fayek and Omar (2016), Sha (2016), Song et al (2016), and Yan et al (2017). A total of 21 risk factors in PPP WTE incineration projects were identified through literature review.…”