The compositional mosaic of Fusarium species and their mycotoxins in unprocessed cereals, food and feed products in Belgium

Vanheule, Adriaan; Audenaert, Kris; Boevre, Marthe De; Landschoot, Sofie; Bekaert, Boris; Munaut, Françoise; Eeckhout, Mia; Höfte, Monica; Saeger, Sarah De; Haesaert, Geert

doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.04.012

Cited by 35 publications

(33 citation statements)

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“…Several studies worldwide (Love & Seitz, 1987;Miller, 1995;Trigo-Stockli et al, 1995;Moschini & Fortugno, 1996;Dsborne & Stein, 2007) have correlated periods of high humidity with high incidence of Fusarium head blight in wheat crops, which consequently tends to cause higher levels of DDN in wheat and wheat products (Lori et al, 2003;Vanheule et al, 2014), as noted in our study in the final quarter of 2014.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 71%

Deoxynivalenol in wheat and wheat products from a harvest affected by fusarium head blight

Machado

Mallmann

et al. 2017

Food Sci. Technol

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Fusarium head blight is an important disease occurring in wheat, caused mainly by the fungus Fusarium graminearum. In addition to direct damage to crops, reduced quality and yield losses, the infected grains can accumulate mycotoxins (toxic metabolites originating from prior fungal growth), especially deoxynivalenol (DDN). Wheat crops harvested in 2014/2015 in southern Brazil were affected by high levels of Fusarium head blight. In this context, the aim of this study was evaluate the mycotoxicological quality of Brazilian wheat grains and wheat products (wheat flour and wheat bran for DDN. DDN contamination was evaluated in 1,504 wheat and wheat product samples produced in Brazil during 2014. It was determined by high performance liquid chromatograph fitted to a mass spectrometer (LC-MS / MS). The results showed that 1,000 (66.5%) out of the total samples tested were positive for DDN. The mean level of sample contamination was 1047 µg.kg -1 , but only 242 samples (16.1%) had contamination levels above the maximum permissible levels (MPL) -the maximum content allowed by current Brazilian regulation. As of 2017, MPL will be stricter. Thus, research should be conducted on DDN contamination of wheat and wheat products, since wheat is a raw material widely used in the food industry, and DDN can cause serious harm to public health.Keywords: Fusarium; mycotoxins; fungal diseases; scab; fusarium head blight.Practical Application: The paper presents an overview of deoxynivalenol contamination in wheat and wheat products affected by Fusarium head blight. Contamination is compared with the maximum permissible limits set by current law in Brazil in order to warn consumers about the levels of this contaminant found in the study samples.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 71%

Deoxynivalenol in wheat and wheat products from a harvest affected by fusarium head blight

Machado

Mallmann

et al. 2017

Food Sci. Technol

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“…The Fusarium Head Blight disease on wheat and other small-grain cereals is caused by a number of species often co-occurring on the ear. Within this complex, Fusarium poae has been increasingly detected in a number of countries [32, 33]. Individuals of this species were shown to contain a highly variable set of supernumerary chromosomes [34].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Living apart together: crosstalk between the core and supernumerary genomes in a fungal plant pathogen

et al. 2016

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BackgroundEukaryotes display remarkable genome plasticity, which can include supernumerary chromosomes that differ markedly from the core chromosomes. Despite the widespread occurrence of supernumerary chromosomes in fungi, their origin, relation to the core genome and the reason for their divergent characteristics are still largely unknown. The complexity of genome assembly due to the presence of repetitive DNA partially accounts for this.ResultsHere we use single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing to assemble the genome of a prominent fungal wheat pathogen, Fusarium poae, including at least one supernumerary chromosome. The core genome contains limited transposable elements (TEs) and no gene duplications, while the supernumerary genome holds up to 25 % TEs and multiple gene duplications. The core genome shows all hallmarks of repeat-induced point mutation (RIP), a defense mechanism against TEs, specific for fungi. The absence of RIP on the supernumerary genome accounts for the differences between the two (sub)genomes, and results in a functional crosstalk between them. The supernumerary genome is a reservoir for TEs that migrate to the core genome, and even large blocks of supernumerary sequence (>200 kb) have recently translocated to the core. Vice versa, the supernumerary genome acts as a refuge for genes that are duplicated from the core genome.ConclusionsFor the first time, a mechanism was determined that explains the differences that exist between the core and supernumerary genome in fungi. Different biology rather than origin was shown to be responsible. A “living apart together” crosstalk exists between the core and supernumerary genome, accelerating chromosomal and organismal evolution.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2941-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…Besides yield losses of up to 40%, FHB also confers quality losses because of the production of mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (DON; Parry et al, 1995;Bottalico and Perrone, 2002;Vanheule et al, 2014).…”

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confidence: 99%

Priming of Wheat with the Green Leaf Volatile Z-3-Hexenyl Acetate Enhances Defense against Fusarium graminearum But Boosts Deoxynivalenol Production

Ameye

Audenaert²,

Zutter³

et al. 2015

Plant Physiol.

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117

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Priming refers to a mechanism whereby plants are sensitized to respond faster and/or more strongly to future pathogen attack. Here, we demonstrate that preexposure to the green leaf volatile Z-3-hexenyl acetate (Z-3-HAC) primed wheat (Triticum aestivum) for enhanced defense against subsequent infection with the hemibiotrophic fungus Fusarium graminearum. Bioassays showed that, after priming with Z-3-HAC, wheat ears accumulated up to 40% fewer necrotic spikelets. Furthermore, leaves of seedlings showed significantly smaller necrotic lesions compared with nonprimed plants, coinciding with strongly reduced fungal growth in planta. Additionally, we found that F. graminearum produced more deoxynivalenol, a mycotoxin, in the primed treatment. Expression analysis of salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis genes and exogenous methyl salicylate and methyl jasmonate applications showed that plant defense against F. graminearum is sequentially regulated by SA and JA during the early and later stages of infection, respectively. Interestingly, analysis of the effect of Z-3-HAC pretreatment on SA-and JA-responsive gene expression in hormone-treated and pathogen-inoculated seedlings revealed that Z-3-HAC boosts JA-dependent defenses during the necrotrophic infection stage of F. graminearum but suppresses SA-regulated defense during its biotrophic phase. Together, these findings highlight the importance of temporally separated hormone changes in molding plant health and disease and support a scenario whereby the green leaf volatile Z-3-HAC protects wheat against Fusarium head blight by priming for enhanced JA-dependent defenses during the necrotrophic stages of infection.

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The compositional mosaic of Fusarium species and their mycotoxins in unprocessed cereals, food and feed products in Belgium

Cited by 35 publications

References 34 publications

Deoxynivalenol in wheat and wheat products from a harvest affected by fusarium head blight

Deoxynivalenol in wheat and wheat products from a harvest affected by fusarium head blight

Living apart together: crosstalk between the core and supernumerary genomes in a fungal plant pathogen

Priming of Wheat with the Green Leaf Volatile Z-3-Hexenyl Acetate Enhances Defense against Fusarium graminearum But Boosts Deoxynivalenol Production

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