The core phageome and its interrelationship with preterm human milk lipids

Human Breast Milk: The Role of Its Microbiota and Metabolites in Infant Health

“…Current research has revealed a variety of breast milk-associated microbes, including Bifidobacterium , Lactobacillus , Akkermansia , Staphylococcus , Streptococcus , Veillonella , Weisella , Alloiococcus , Pseudomonas , Leuconostoc , Lactococcus , Acinetobacter , Corynebacterium , Propionibacterium , Rothia , and even phages − (Figure ). Many of these microbes are lactic acid bacteria and play an important role in human milk. ,− Their significance extends beyond maintaining a balanced gut microbiota; they also demonstrate efficacy in combating pathogenic microorganisms. , In 2010, Martin and colleagues employed PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and quantitative real-time PCR to study breast milk bifidobacterial communities .…”

“…In the immediate postnatal phase, colostrum, the first secretion after childbirth, has a distinct microbial composition compared with mature milk. Early research indicates that Weisella , Staphylococcus , Streptococcus , Alloiococcus , Leuconostoc , and Lactobacillus are prevalent in colostrum. ,, Additionally, a recent study has found that phages are notably abundant and prevalent from the first week, continuing to influence the microbial landscape throughout the first 100 days of lactation, with an observed increase in phage-host richness in preterm human milk . Lactic acid bacteria and staphylococci are prominent within the mammary ducts, playing a role in early immunological protection of the neonate.…”

“…37,41,42 Additionally, a recent study has found that phages are notably abundant and prevalent from the first week, continuing to influence the microbial landscape throughout the first 100 days of lactation, with an observed increase in phage-host richness in preterm human milk. 43 Lactic acid bacteria and staphylococci are prominent within the mammary ducts, playing a role in early immunological protection of the neonate. Damaceno et al (2017) analyzed breast milk microbiota quantitatively and found that colostrum has a higher absolute number of bacteria (3.9 log 10 CFU/mL), with Staphylococcus epidermidis being the most abundant.…”