The Cross Timbers

Hoagland, Bruce W.; Butler, IK; Johnson, Forrest L.; Glenn, S. W.

doi:10.1017/cbo9780511574627.015

Cited by 29 publications

(28 citation statements)

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“…Lake Carl Blackwell is in the Central Redbed Plains composed mainly of red sandstones and shales (Johnson et al 1972). Across this ecotone, temperature has a yearly range between 38°C and -18°C, precipitation is approximately 82 cm a year (Myers 1976;Hoagland et al 1999), and soils have low fertility (Therrell and Stahle 1998). Oaks dominate forested areas, especially blackjack oak (Quercus marilandica) and post oak (Q. stellata), but Shumard oak (Q. shumardii), bur oak (Q. macrocarpa), and chinquapin oak (Q. muhlenbergii) are also common (Petranka and McPherson 1979;Hoagland et al 1999).…”

Section: Study Site and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Across this ecotone, temperature has a yearly range between 38°C and -18°C, precipitation is approximately 82 cm a year (Myers 1976;Hoagland et al 1999), and soils have low fertility (Therrell and Stahle 1998). Oaks dominate forested areas, especially blackjack oak (Quercus marilandica) and post oak (Q. stellata), but Shumard oak (Q. shumardii), bur oak (Q. macrocarpa), and chinquapin oak (Q. muhlenbergii) are also common (Petranka and McPherson 1979;Hoagland et al 1999). Sumac (Rhus copallina) clumps form between forest and tallgrass prairie as well as red cedar (Juniperius virginiana) patches and grasses such as indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans), little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium) and big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii: Hoagland et al 1999).…”

Section: Study Site and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tree seedling survivorship, growth, and allocation in the Cross Timbers ecotone of Oklahoma, USA

Myster

2009

Plant Ecol

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In order to better understand tree dynamics and maintenance of the ecotone between eastern deciduous forest and tallgrass prairie, I planted seedlings of five different species into a Cross Timbers area in North West Oklahoma for one-year. The seedlings were planted in four different patchtypes under two different herbivore treatments. I found that (1) out of the original 200 seedlings, 58 survived after one-year with lacebark elm (Ulmus parrifolia), osage orange (Maclura pomifera), and eastern redbud (Cercis canadensis) surviving the most and protection from herbivores increasing survivorship by more than an order of magnitude, (2) elm (Ulmus parrifolia) showed the slowest stem growth but protection from herbivory increased stem growth rate by approximately 50%, leaf area ratio was largest for elm (Ulmus parrifolia) but seedlings growing in sumac (Rhus copallina) patches had the smallest values, specific leaf area was the largest for orange (Maclura pomifera) seedlings with tree seedlings growing in grass patches showing greater values than those grown in other patches, and (3) leaf mass ratio was largest for elm (Ulmus parrifolia) with seedlings grown in sumac (Rhus copallina) patches showing the smallest values and rough-leaf dogwood (Cornus drummondii) had the most root biomass relative to shoot biomass compared to all other species. Results suggest tree invasion and establishment across this ecotone is influenced both by species identity and by the variation in resources associated with the distribution and patch dynamics of vegetation from both eastern deciduous forest and tallgrass prairie.

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Section: Study Site and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Study Site and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tree seedling survivorship, growth, and allocation in the Cross Timbers ecotone of Oklahoma, USA

Myster

2009

Plant Ecol

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“…Lake Carl Blackwell is in the Central Redbed Plains composed mainly of red sandstones and shales (Johnson et al 1972), similar to soils and species composition found throughout the western Cross Timbers (Francaviglia 2000). Annual temperature ranges between 388C and Á188C and there is an annual precipitation of 820 mm which occurs mainly during the growing season (Hoagland et al 1999). Cross Timbers soils are of generally low fertility (Therrell & Stahle 1998).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This understory tree and shrub area gives way to a mowed prairie only a few inches tall dominated by the grasses: Indian grass (Sorghastrum nutans L.), switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium Michx. Nash), and big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii Vitman): Hoagland et al 1999) and by forbs such as milkweed (Asclepias sp. ), leadplant (Amorpha sp.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of seed predation in the maintenance of the Cross Timbers ecotone of Oklahoma, USA

Myster

2013

Journal of Plant Interactions

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I investigated how seed predation differed among tree species and among microhabitats across the Cross Timbers and what that variation may tell us about how this ecotone is maintained. The ecotone is located in Oklahoma, USA, between the eastern deciduous forest and tallgrass prairie where seeds of eight common tree species were placed in three microhabitats (oak forest, tallgrass prairie, and sumac shrub/small-tree/grass mix). After nine days in the field, percent seeds remaining were scored for each of the 120 (8 species )3 microhabitats )5 replicates) dishes. I found for both wind-dispersed tree species, (ash, elm) there was significantly more predation in the prairie microsite, with similar small predation levels in the shrub and forest. For two of the three bird-dispersed species (dogwood, hackberry), there was significantly more predation in the prairie and shrub microsites compared to the forest. Red cedar, however, was not taken by predators very much anywhere. Finally, all three mammal-dispersed tree species (two oaks, pecan) showed significantly more predation in the shrub and forest microsites compared to the prairie. Whereas wind-and bird-dispersed species suffered less predation as microsites became more woody and dark, the dominant oaks showed the opposite trend. Consequently, seed predators are not preventing oaks from advancing across this ecotone, but yearly fluctuations in predator population density, especially in the shrub transitional zone, could be helping to maintain it.

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“…Whereas, in fact, it extends from south and west of Dallas (thus not extreme northeastern Texas) through eastcentral Oklahoma to southeastern Kansas (Hoagland et al 1999). Also, the Konza Prairie is in northeastern, not northwestern, Kansas.…”

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confidence: 99%