The derivation of effects threshold concentrations of lead for European freshwater ecosystems

Sprang, Patrick A. Van; Nys, Charlotte; Blust, Ronny; Chowdhury, Jasim Uddin; Gustafsson, Jon Petter; Janssen, Colin R.; Schamphelaere, Karel A.C. De

doi:10.1002/etc.3262

Cited by 30 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…by Robles‐Vargas and Snell . Esbaugh et al called the same strain P. rapida, and it was called P. rapida by van Sprang et al in their paper seeking to determine ecologically relevant effect thresholds for dissolved lead pollution in freshwaters. Nys et al noted the taxonomic uncertainty associated with this Philodina species as they produced data to develop a bioavailability model for lead.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contrast, Nys et al tested chronic toxicity of lead to the monogonont rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus in 5 natural waters, and recorded a population growth rate EC50 of 180 µg lead/L with 95% CL of 168–192. Ecologically relevant effect thresholds for dissolved lead pollution in freshwaters were determined by van Sprang et al to be 6.3–31.1 µg/L, calculated to protect about 95% of freshwater species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Freshwater toxicity testing using rehydratedPhilodinasp. (Rotifera) as test animals

Snell

Johnston

Matthews

2017

Environmental Toxicology

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Rotifers have become widely used in aquatic toxicology as a rapid screening test for toxicity. The commercial availability of diapausing embryos (cysts) have facilitated their popularity because test animals can be obtained without having to master the details of culturing. Other rotifer species have life stages capable of surviving desiccation and also could be used in non-culture systems for toxicity assessment. In this article, we describe a system for toxicity testing in freshwater based on rehydrating desiccated bdelloid rotifers in the genus Philodina. These animals can remain in this anhydrobiotic state for more than one year and then rehydrate within hours to provide animals for toxicity tests. We describe three endpoints: a 1.5 h ingestion test, a 24 h mortality test, and a five day reproductive test. The latter test requires feeding and a method using a dried commercial product is explained. Using desiccated rotifers and dried food in toxicity tests make this system especially attractive because of its flexibility and low threshold of biological expertise required to execute the tests. The use of the Philodina toxicity test is illustrated with four metals: copper, lead, mercury and cadmium. Reproduction generally was the most sensitive endpoint, with EC50s of 0.33, 0.44, 0.60, and 0.12 mg/L, respectively. Ingestion was a close second with EC50s of 0.13, 1.64, 0.64, and 6.26 mg/L, respectively.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Freshwater toxicity testing using rehydratedPhilodinasp. (Rotifera) as test animals

Snell

Johnston

Matthews

2017

Environmental Toxicology

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“…In addition, the toxicity of metals has been shown to be highly dependent on the physicochemistry of the receiving environment, such as pH, DOC, or hardness [19,20]. The BLMs allow a prediction of metal toxicity in water with a specific chemical composition, and thus site-specific environmental thresholds (e.g., 5% hazard concentration [HC5] values), can be derived [24,25]. The BLMs allow a prediction of metal toxicity in water with a specific chemical composition, and thus site-specific environmental thresholds (e.g., 5% hazard concentration [HC5] values), can be derived [24,25].…”

Section: The Current Regulatory Situation and The Need For Bioavailabmentioning

confidence: 99%

A framework for ecological risk assessment of metal mixtures in aquatic systems

Nys

Regenmortel

Janssen

et al. 2018

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Although metal mixture toxicity has been studied relatively intensely, there is no general consensus yet on how to incorporate metal mixture toxicity into aquatic risk assessment. We combined existing data on chronic metal mixture toxicity at the species level with species sensitivity distribution (SSD)-based in silico metal mixture risk predictions at the community level for mixtures of Ni, Zn, Cu, Cd, and Pb, to develop a tiered risk assessment scheme for metal mixtures in freshwater. Generally, independent action (IA) predicts chronic metal mixture toxicity at the species level most accurately, whereas concentration addition (CA) is the most conservative model. Mixture effects are noninteractive in 69% (IA) and 44% (CA) and antagonistic in 15% (IA) and 51% (CA) of the experiments, whereas synergisms are only observed in 15% (IA) and 5% (CA) of the experiments. At low effect sizes (∼ 10% mixture effect), CA overestimates metal mixture toxicity at the species level by 1.2-fold (i.e., the mixture interaction factor [MIF]; median). Species, metal presence, or number of metals does not significantly affect the MIF. To predict metal mixture risk at the community level, bioavailability-normalization procedures were combined with CA or IA using SSD techniques in 4 different methods, which were compared using environmental monitoring data of a European river basin (the Dommel, The Netherlands). We found that the simplest method, in which CA is directly applied to the SSD (CA ), is also the most conservative method. The CA has median margins of safety (MoS) of 1.1 and 1.2 respectively for binary mixtures compared with the theoretically more consistent methods of applying CA or IA to the dose-response curve of each species individually prior to estimating the fraction of affected species (CA or IA ). The MoS increases linearly with an increasing number of metals, up to 1.4 and 1.7 for quinary mixtures (median) compared with CA and IA , respectively. When our methods were applied to a geochemical baseline database (Forum of European Geological Surveys [FOREGS]), we found that CA yielded a considerable number of mixture risk predictions, even when metals were at background levels (8% of the water samples). In contrast, metal mixture risks predicted with the theoretically more consistent methods (e.g., IA ) were very limited under natural background metal concentrations (<1% of the water samples). Based on the combined evidence of chronic mixture toxicity predictions at the species level and evidence of in silico risk predictions at the community level, a tiered risk assessment scheme for evaluating metal mixture risks is presented, with CA functioning as a first, simple conservative tier. The more complex, but theoretically more consistent and most accurate method, IA , can be used in higher tier assessments. Alternatively, the conservatism of CA can be accounted for deterministically by incorporating the MoS and MIF in the scheme. Finally, specific guidance is also given related to specific issues, such as how to deal wit...

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“…For a wide range of elements it has been shown that the bioavailability tends to decrease when they are bound to organic matter, e.g. Pb (Van Sprang et al, 2015), U (Trenfield et al, 2011a, b), Ni (Weng et al, 2004;Deleebeeck et al, 2009), Cu (Deruytter et al, 2014) and Zn (De Schamphelaere et al, 2005). In addition, it is possible that the plants are able to regulate the uptake and/or disposal of certain elements.…”

Section: A Hotspot For Transfer Of Pollutants To Biota?mentioning

confidence: 99%

From soil water to surface water – how the riparian zone controls element transport from a boreal forest to a stream

et al. 2017

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Abstract. Boreal headwaters are often lined by strips of highly organic soils, which are the last terrestrial environment to leave an imprint on discharging groundwater before it enters a stream. Because these riparian soils are so different from the Podzol soils that dominate much of the boreal landscape, they are known to have a major impact on the biogeochemistry of important elements such as C, N, P and Fe and the transfer of these elements from terrestrial to aquatic ecosystems. For most elements, however, the role of the riparian zone has remained unclear, although it should be expected that the mobility of many elements is affected by changes in, for example, pH, redox potential and concentration of organic carbon as they are transported through the riparian zone. Therefore, soil water and groundwater was sampled at different depths along a 22 m hillslope transect in the Krycklan catchment in northern Sweden using soil lysimeters and analysed for a large number of major and trace elements (Al, As, B, Ba, Ca, Cd, Cl, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Fe, K, La, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Rb, Se, Si, Sr, Th, Ti, U, V, Zn, Zr) and other parameters such as sulfate and total organic carbon (TOC). The results showed that the concentrations of most investigated elements increased substantially (up to 60 times) as the water flowed from the uphill mineral soils and into the riparian zone, largely as a result of higher TOC concentrations. The stream water concentrations of these elements were typically somewhat lower than in the riparian zone, but still considerably higher than in the uphill mineral soils, which suggests that riparian soils have a decisive impact on the water quality of boreal streams. The degree of enrichment in the riparian zone for different elements could be linked to the affinity for organic matter, indicating that the pattern with strongly elevated concentrations in riparian soils is typical for organophilic substances. One likely explanation is that the solubility of many organophilic elements increases as a result of the higher concentrations of TOC in the riparian zone. Elements with low or modest affinity for organic matter (e.g. Na, Cl, K, Mg and Ca) occurred in similar or lower concentrations in the riparian zone. Despite the elevated concentrations of many elements in riparian soil water and groundwater, no increase in the concentrations in biota could be observed (bilberry leaves and spruce shoots).

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The derivation of effects threshold concentrations of lead for European freshwater ecosystems

Cited by 30 publications

References 46 publications

Freshwater toxicity testing using rehydratedPhilodinasp. (Rotifera) as test animals

Freshwater toxicity testing using rehydratedPhilodinasp. (Rotifera) as test animals

A framework for ecological risk assessment of metal mixtures in aquatic systems

From soil water to surface water – how the riparian zone controls element transport from a boreal forest to a stream

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