The detoxification activities and mechanisms of microcystinase towards MC-LR

Cai, Danping; Jia, Wei; Huang, Feiyu; Feng, Hai; Peng, Tangjian; Luo, Jiayou

doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113436

Cited by 20 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…A new peak in microcystinase assays was also reported by Cai et al (2022). After LC-MS analyses, it was confirmed to be linearized MC [ 43 ]. Although the discussion above strongly suggests that the new peak observed in our study is linearized MCs, it was not confirmed by secondary analysis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microcystin-Detoxifying Recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae Expressing the mlrA Gene from Sphingosinicella microcystinivorans B9

et al. 2023

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Contamination of water by microcystins is a global problem. These potent hepatotoxins demand constant monitoring and control methods in potable water. Promising approaches to reduce contamination risks have focused on natural microcystin biodegradation led by enzymes encoded by the mlrABCD genes. The first enzyme of this system (mlrA) linearizes microcystin structure, reducing toxicity and stability. Heterologous expression of mlrA in different microorganisms may enhance its production and activity, promote additional knowledge on the enzyme, and support feasible applications. In this context, we intended to express the mlrA gene from Sphingosinicella microcystinivorans B9 in an industrial Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain as an innovative biological alternative to degrade microcystins. The mlrA gene was codon-optimized for expression in yeast, and either expressed from a plasmid or through chromosomal integration at the URA3 locus. Recombinant and wild yeasts were cultivated in medium contaminated with microcystins, and the toxin content was analyzed during growth. Whereas no difference in microcystins content was observed in cultivation with the chromosomally integrated strain, the yeast strain hosting the mlrA expression plasmid reduced 83% of toxins within 120 h of cultivation. Our results show microcystinase A expressed by industrial yeast strains as a viable option for practical applications in water treatment.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microcystin-Detoxifying Recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae Expressing the mlrA Gene from Sphingosinicella microcystinivorans B9

et al. 2023

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“…Lake eutrophication has spread worldwide, including 70% of lakes in China [ 13 ]. It leads to the frequent appearance of cyanobacteria, which produce a lot of MCs (e.g., MC-LR) [ 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 ]. As levels in drinking water are also well above the limits set by the World Health Organization in many countries and regions [ 18 , 19 , 20 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combination Effect of Microcystins and Arsenic Exposures on CKD: A Case-Control Study in China

Hong

Zhu

Deng

et al. 2023

Toxins

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Evidence has shown that exposure to environmental pollutants such as microcystins (MCs), arsenic (As), and cadmium (Cd) can lead to the occurrence and development of chronic kidney disease (CKD). There is a synergistic effect between MCs and Cd. However, the combined effect of MCs and As exposures on CKD remains unclear. In Hunan province, China, 135 controls and 135 CKD cases were enrolled in a case-control study. Serum MCs, plasma As and Cd concentrations were measured for all participants. We investigated the association between MCs/As and CKD risk using conditional logistic regression. The additive model explored the interaction effect, and the Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) models investigated the combined effects of MCs, As, and Cd on CKD. The results showed that MCs and As were significantly associated with CKD risk. Participants in the highest MCs concentration had a 4,81-fold increased risk of CKD compared to those in the lowest quartile (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1,96 to 11,81). The highest quartile of As concentrations corresponded to an adjusted odds ratio of 3.40 (95% CI: 1.51, 7.65) relative to the lowest quartile. MCs/As and CKD risk exhibited significant dose–response correlations (all p for trend < 0.01). In addition, a positive interaction effect of MCs and As on CKD was also reported. The CKD risk due to interaction was 2.34 times (95% CI: 0.14, 4.54) relative to the CKD risk without interaction, and the attributable proportion of CKD due to interaction among individuals with both exposures was 56% (95% CI: 0.22, 0.91). In the BKMR, the combined effect of MCs, As, and Cd was positively associated with CKD. In conclusion, both MCs and As are independent risk factors for CKD, exerting a synergistic effect between them. Combined exposure to MCs, As, and Cd can increase the risk of CKD.

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“…Therefore, the consequences of MCs on the environment, humans, and animals have attracted much attention in research. At least 279 MC variants have been documented, with MC-LR being the most toxic [ 7 , 8 ]. Human exposure to MCs can occur through various routes, including ingestion of ‘contaminated’ water during hemodialysis, consumption of drinking water, physical contact with the water, and engaging in recreational activities in waterbodies during algal blooms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiac Toxicity Induced by Long-Term Environmental Levels of MC-LR Exposure in Mice

Yan

Liu

Yang

et al. 2023

Toxins

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Cyanobacterial blooms are considered a serious global environmental problem. Recent studies provided evidence for a positive association between exposure to microcystin-LR (MC-LR) and cardiotoxicity, posing a threat to human cardiovascular health. However, there are few studies on the cardiotoxic effects and mechanisms of long-term low-dose MC-LR exposure. Therefore, this study explored the long-term toxic effects and toxic mechanisms of MC-LR on the heart and provided evidence for the induction of cardiovascular disease by MC-LR. C57BL/6 mice were exposed to 0, 1, 30, 60, 90, and 120 μg/L MC-LR via drinking water for 9 months and subsequently necropsied to examine the hearts for microstructural changes using H&E and Masson staining. The results demonstrated fibrotic changes, and qPCR and Western blots showed a significant up-regulation of the markers of myocardial fibrosis, including TGF-β1, α-SMA, COL1, and MMP9. Through the screening of signaling pathways, it was found the expression of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway proteins was up-regulated. These data first suggested MC-LR may induce myocardial fibrosis by activating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. This study explored the toxicity of microcystins to the heart and preliminarily explored the toxic mechanisms of long-term toxicity for the first time, providing a theoretical reference for preventing cardiovascular diseases caused by MC-LR.

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The detoxification activities and mechanisms of microcystinase towards MC-LR

Cited by 20 publications

References 57 publications

Microcystin-Detoxifying Recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae Expressing the mlrA Gene from Sphingosinicella microcystinivorans B9

Microcystin-Detoxifying Recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae Expressing the mlrA Gene from Sphingosinicella microcystinivorans B9

Combination Effect of Microcystins and Arsenic Exposures on CKD: A Case-Control Study in China

Cardiac Toxicity Induced by Long-Term Environmental Levels of MC-LR Exposure in Mice

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