The development and testing of Navy jet fuel (JP-5) surrogates

Binary Mixtures of Aromatic Compounds (n-Propylbenzene, 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene, and 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene) with 2,2,4,6,6-Pentamethylheptane: Densities, Viscosities, Speeds of Sound, Bulk Moduli, Surface Tensions, and Flash Points at 0.1 MPa

“…1−8 The isododecane isomer 2,2,4,6,6-pentamethylheptane has attracted more attention in recent years. 2,3,9 For jet and diesel fuel model mixtures, aromatic compounds included toluene, 10−12 orthoxylene, 6 meta-xylene, 10,13,14 n-propylbenzene, 15 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, 5,12 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene, 16 n-butylbenzene, 17,18 meta-cymene, 7 n-pentylbenzene, 7 n-hexylbenzene, 7 n-heptylbenzene, 7 and 1,3,5-triisopropylbenzene. 19 Kim and Violi 20 recently reported that mixtures containing 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, and n-propylbenzene would produce surrogates with distillation behavior and aromatic content that would better match experimental values for Jet-A than using other aromatic compounds.…”

“…Other physical properties that have been used in surrogate development include density, viscosity, surface tension, flash point, speed of sound, and bulk modulus (see Luning Prak et al 21 and the references herein). 18,21,22 Because of the importance of 1,3,5trimethylbenzene, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, and n-propylbenzene in surrogate development, the goal of this work was to measure the thermophysical properties of binary mixtures of these aromatic compounds in 2,2,4,6,6-pentamethylheptane. The densities of 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, and n-propylbenzene have been measured in many binary mixtures, with some producing positive and others producing negative excess molar volumes (Tables 1 and 2, eq T1).…”

“…In addition to the aromatic compounds, these surrogate mixtures have contained up to ten compounds including paraffins, isoparaffins, polycylic aromatic compounds, and tetralins. The selection of an isoparaffin has mainly focused on commercially available branched isomers of octane, dodecane, and hexadecane, although other isoparaffins have been used. − The isododecane isomer 2,2,4,6,6-pentamethylheptane has attracted more attention in recent years. ,, For jet and diesel fuel model mixtures, aromatic compounds included toluene, − ortho -xylene, meta -xylene, ,, n -propylbenzene, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, , 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene, n -butylbenzene, , meta -cymene, n -pentylbenzene, n -hexylbenzene, n -heptylbenzene, and 1,3,5-triisopropylbenzene . Kim and Violi recently reported that mixtures containing 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, and n -propylbenzene would produce surrogates with distillation behavior and aromatic content that would better match experimental values for Jet-A than using other aromatic compounds.…”

“…Kim and Violi recently reported that mixtures containing 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, and n -propylbenzene would produce surrogates with distillation behavior and aromatic content that would better match experimental values for Jet-A than using other aromatic compounds. Other physical properties that have been used in surrogate development include density, viscosity, surface tension, flash point, speed of sound, and bulk modulus (see Luning Prak et al and the references herein). ,, Because of the importance of 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, and n -propylbenzene in surrogate development, the goal of this work was to measure the thermophysical properties of binary mixtures of these aromatic compounds in 2,2,4,6,6-pentamethylheptane.…”

Properties of Binary Mixtures of 2,2,4,6,6-Pentamethylheptane (iso-Dodecane) with iso-Butylbenzene, sec-Butylbenzene, tert-Butylbenzene, or 1,3-Diethylbenzene: Densities, Viscosities, Speeds of Sound, and Isentropic Bulk Moduli in the Temperature Range of 288.15–333.15 K, Surface Tensions at 295 K, and Flash Points at 0.1 MPa

“…In a recent paper, the authors reported on the physical properties of two-component mixtures of iso -butylbenzene, sec -butylbenzene, tert -butylbenzene, or 1,3-diethylbenzene with n -dodecane in the context of surrogate mixtures for various petroleum- or bio-based jet and diesel fuels . The aromatic compounds were chosen for that study because they can represent the 10-carbon aromatic component of fuel in place of n -butylbenzene and they have been the focus of recent fuel studies. − The n -dodecane was chosen because it is commonly used to represent the linear alkane category of compounds found in jet fuel. Another category of compounds used in surrogate mixtures is branched alkanes.…”