The development of a professional career in science in France

Crosland, Maurice

doi:10.1007/bf01096241

Cited by 30 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…And neither do these people suddenly just appear from nothing. This aspect of the question has been well illustrated for the French case in some seminal articles by Maurice Crosland (1975Crosland ( , 1977Crosland ( , and 2007.…”

Section: And That Of Francementioning

confidence: 86%

Periodization Problems in the Economic History of Science and Technology

Szmrecsányi

2009

Investigaciones de Historia Económica

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Section: And That Of Francementioning

confidence: 86%

Periodization Problems in the Economic History of Science and Technology

Szmrecsányi

2009

Investigaciones de Historia Económica

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“…Before the 19 th century, across the world scientific research was not ordinarily remunerated through paid research jobs, but mostly performed by amateurs who were paid through other occupations (Ben-David 1972;Crosland 1975;Hahn 1975). This is not to say these amateurs provided sub-standard work; like Crosland in his paper on the professionalization of academic careers in France, we use the terms "professional" and "amateurish" not as an indicator of the quality of the work but in a strictly occupational sense, i.e., being paid for scientific work or not (cf.…”

Section: Remuneration Before the 19 Th Centurymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…were not clearly demarcated (Crosland 1975). The first steps towards the professionalization of science were taken with the foundation of Academies of Science, which gave out allowances to their members.…”

Section: Remuneration Before the 19 Th Centurymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Coming of Age of the Academic Career: Differentiation and Professionalization of German Academic Positions from the 19th Century to the Present

Waaijer

2014

Minerva

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In modern academic career systems there are a large number of entry positions, much smaller numbers of intermediate positions, and still fewer full professorships. We examine how this system has developed in Germany, the country where the modern academic system was introduced, tracing the historical development of academic positions since the early 19 th century. We show both a differentiation and professionalization. At first, professorships and private lecturer positions were the only formal positions, but later, lower formal academic positions emerged. Over the whole period, the share of higher academic positions steadily decreased. This differentiation process was closely connected to professionalization: remuneration through salaries was extended from professors to almost everyone working in the German academic system. We propose that the process of differentiation and professionalization was induced by the expansion and democratization of higher education.Finally, our study shows that the opportunities for PhDs to obtain salaried (post-)doctoral positions have increased since the 1950s. On the other hand, opportunities for PhDs to become a professor or obtain another tenured job have decreased since the 1980s due to a slowdown of higher education expansion.

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“…(4) Seguimos aquí el clásico trabajo de BEN-DAVID (1976) así como diversos estudios dedicados a la situación en Francia durante este período como los de GILLESPIE (1980), CROSLAND (1975), HANH ( 1975), ÜUTRAM (1980) y, más recientemente, DHOMBRES, N.;DHOMBRES, J. (1989).…”

Section: Notasunclassified

Los cultivadores de la ciencia española y el gobierno de José I (1808-1813). Un estudio prosopográfico

Sánchez¹

1994

Asclepio

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El trabajo tiene como objetivo realizar una aproximación al estudio de las actitudes políticas de los autores científicos españoles de principios del siglo XIX. Se ofrece el resultado de un estudio prosopográficos de 483 biografías de cultivadores de la ciencia españoles de ese período basado en los datos que ofrecen varios repertorios bibliográficos y diversos expedientes procedentes, principalmente, de la documentación del Ministerio del Interior de José I. A través de esta documentación, se ha analizado el lugar de residencia de los autores científicos, los centros donde se formaron, las materias científicas cultivadas, su ocupación o profesión, y su actitud política frente al gobierno afrancesado.

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The development of a professional career in science in France

Cited by 30 publications

References 0 publications

Periodization Problems in the Economic History of Science and Technology

Periodization Problems in the Economic History of Science and Technology

The Coming of Age of the Academic Career: Differentiation and Professionalization of German Academic Positions from the 19th Century to the Present

Los cultivadores de la ciencia española y el gobierno de José I (1808-1813). Un estudio prosopográfico

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