The Display of Multivariate Information: An Experimental Study of an Information Integration Task

Jones, Patricia M.; Wickens, Christopher D.; Deutsch, Sid

doi:10.1207/s15327043hup0301_1

Cited by 21 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…As such, the reliability of the information can be a significant variable in people's ability to integrate cues appropriately. According to models of cue integration, differentially weighted information degrades performance on information integration tasks (consistent with the 'as if' heuristic), including varying degrees of reliability (Sorkin et al, 1991) though not all studies have showed evidence of this degradation (e.g., Jones et al, 1990).…”

Section: Information Integration From Multiple Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 93%

Supporting Battlefield Situation Assessment Through Attention Guidance and Diagnostic Aiding: A Cost-Benefit and Depth of Processing Analysis

Horrey¹,

Wickens²

2001

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Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to a penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR'S ACRONYM(S) SPONSOR/MONITOR'S REPORT NUMBER(S) DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENTApproved for public release; distribution unlimited SUPPLEMENTARY NOTESThe original document contains color images. ABSTRACTAutomated support systems may be useful tools for aiding situation assessment in complex environments such as the military battlefield, medical diagnosis, and crisis management. These environments are marked by large amounts of information which often must be weighted and integrated into a meaningful judgment or assessment. Two experiments examined the effects of attention cueing and decision aiding on information integration tasks in static battlefield situations. In the first experiment, sixteen participants completed a resource allocation task for 56 battlefield scenarios (based on perceived threats). For half the trials, an automated system guided their attention to high-relevance information. On 2 trials a memory probe was administered to assess the depth of processing of information, and on the final trial an automation failure was presented. Results demonstrated an overall allocation performance advantage for automation but poorer recall for automation-enhanced units. Half of the participants failed to attend to the system failure. Those participants who detected the failure were inferred to have processed all of the cues more deeply based on their performance on the memory trials. In the second part, 12 participants completed the same task using an automated diagnostic aid (instead of the attention cueing). Again, performance was improved when using automation, more so than in experiment 1. However, there were costs associated with the processing of highly relevant information in these conditions. The costs and benefits of automated cueing and diagnostic aiding are discussed. ABSTRACTAutomated support systems may be useful tools for aiding situation assessment in complex environments such as the military battlefield, medical diagnosis, and crisis management. These environments are marked by large amounts of information which often must be weighted and integrated into a meaningful judgment or assessment. Two experiments e...

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Section: Information Integration From Multiple Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 93%

Supporting Battlefield Situation Assessment Through Attention Guidance and Diagnostic Aiding: A Cost-Benefit and Depth of Processing Analysis

Horrey¹,

Wickens²

2001

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“…In seven studies (10.94 percent) a single data point was shown to participants at a time [48], [49], [50], [54], [55], [64], [91]. These studies tried to control all parameters and avoid …”

Section: Glyph Presentation Settingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Patients rated by psychiatrists [21] Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Medical data [32] unknown Medical images [56] unknown Cars dataset [34] http://davis.wpi.edu/ xmdv/datasets/cars.html Project plans [35] unknown MM5 weather information [36] unknown Weather information [37] NCEP forecast model Weather information [42] Operational Regional Atmospheric Prediction System Modified U.S. census data [38] unknown Financial data [40] Investment in education USA (2008) Financial data [84] Wall Street Journal Index (1974 and 1975) Financial data [85] Standard and Poor's firm list (1974 and 1975) Classical music data [41] unknown k data [43] Lostpedia wiki edits Network data [44] 10 best ranked movies (IMDb) Google search results [45] http://www.google.de Marathon runners [50] unknown Power plant statistics [53] unknown Audio information [62] One laptop per child sound library Biological data [70] unknown Economic variables [77] U.S. Department of commerce & labor Tensor data [92] DTI dataset possible confounding factors, so as to better reason about changes in performance when modifying specific aspects of the same design [91], or when comparing it with other representations [48], [49], [50], [54], [64], or layouts [55].…”

Section: Dataset Availabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is perhaps not surprising as glyphs are often meant to provide quick overviews over a large number of varying multi-dimensional data points-and the use of synoptic tasks may reflect the authors' desire to test glyphs in a realistic use context. Multi-dimensional [21], [34], [36], [37], [38], [40], [42], [45], [46], [48], [49], [50], [51], [53], [60], [65], [72], [79], [88], [90], [91] [32] [38], [84], [85] [17], [33], [45], [47], [52], [57], [58], [59], [61], [63], [64], [66], [73], [74], [75], [76], [77], [78], [80], [86], [87], [89], [92] [37], [39], [40], …”

Section: Task Spacementioning

confidence: 99%

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A Systematic Review of Experimental Studies on Data Glyphs

Fuchs

Isenberg

Bezerianos³

et al. 2017

IEEE Trans. Visual. Comput. Graphics

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Abstract-We systematically reviewed 64 user-study papers on data glyphs to help researchers and practitioners gain an informed understanding of tradeoffs in the glyph design space. The glyphs we consider are individual representations of multi-dimensional data points, often meant to be shown in small-multiple settings. Over the past 60 years many different glyph designs were proposed and many of these designs have been subjected to perceptual or comparative evaluations. Yet, a systematic overview of the types of glyphs and design variations tested, the tasks under which they were analyzed, or even the study goals and results does not yet exist. In this paper we provide such an overview by systematically sampling and tabulating the literature on data glyph studies, listing their designs, questions, data, and tasks. In addition we present a concise overview of the types of glyphs and their design characteristics analyzed by researchers in the past, and a synthesis of the study results. Based on our meta analysis of all results we further contribute a set of design implications and a discussion on open research directions.

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“…Liu, 1989;Jones et al, 1990;Haskell and Wickens, 1993), where different data visualizations are tested by asking people to answer meaningful questions using the visualizations, and comparing performance measures such as accuracy, confidence, and the time taken to provide answers. This provides a direct and thorough test of how well the visualizations facilitate human performance on the data set used to generate the visualization.…”

Section: Evaluating Data Visualizationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visualizations of binary data: A comparative evaluation

Lee

Butavicius

Reilly

2003

International Journal of Human-Computer Studies

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Data visualization has the potential to assist humans in analysing and comprehending large volumes of data, and to detect patterns, clusters and outliers that are not obvious using nongraphical forms of presentation. For this reason, data visualizations have an important role to play in a diverse range of applied problems, including data exploration and mining, information retrieval, and intelligence analysis. Unfortunately, while various different approaches are available for data visualization, there have been few rigorous evaluations of their effectiveness. This paper presents the results of three controlled experiments comparing the ability of four different visualization approaches to help people answer meaningful questions for binary data sets. Two of these visualizations, Chernoff faces and star glyphs, represent objects using simple icon-like displays. The other two visualizations use a spatial arrangement of the objects, based on a model of human mental representation, where more similar objects are placed nearer each other. One of these spatial displays uses a common features model of similarity, while the other uses a distinctive features model. The first experiment finds that both glyph visualizations lead to slow, inaccurate answers being given with low confidence, while the faster and more confident answers for spatial visualizations are only accurate when the common features similarity model is used. The second experiment, which considers only the spatial visualizations, supports this finding, with the common features approach again producing more accurate answers. The third experiment measures human performance using the raw data in tabular form, and so allows the usefulness of visualizations in facilitating human performance to be assessed. This experiment confirms that people are faster, more confident and more accurate when an appropriate visualization of the data is made available. r

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The Display of Multivariate Information: An Experimental Study of an Information Integration Task

Cited by 21 publications

References 22 publications

Supporting Battlefield Situation Assessment Through Attention Guidance and Diagnostic Aiding: A Cost-Benefit and Depth of Processing Analysis

Supporting Battlefield Situation Assessment Through Attention Guidance and Diagnostic Aiding: A Cost-Benefit and Depth of Processing Analysis

A Systematic Review of Experimental Studies on Data Glyphs

Visualizations of binary data: A comparative evaluation

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