The Doctors Blackwell: How Two Pioneering Sisters Brought Medicine To Women—And Women to Medicine

Maud Menten: Pioneering Pediatric-Perinatal Pathologist, Clinician-Scientist, and “the Most Wonderful Human Being in the World”

“…15 New York Infirmary for Women and Children was a hospital for women in Lower Manhattan that was run by women; it was established by Elizabeth Blackwell (1821-1910), the first woman in the US to graduate from medical school. 42,43 This position is not mentioned in Menten's Nature obituary 13 nor is Menten mentioned in a recent history of Blackwell, her sister, and their institutions. 43 Unfortunately, Annie Sturgis Daniel's serialized history of both the Infirmary and its associated medical school narrowly misses the time period of Menten's position and so is not helpful.…”

“…42,43 This position is not mentioned in Menten's Nature obituary 13 nor is Menten mentioned in a recent history of Blackwell, her sister, and their institutions. 43 Unfortunately, Annie Sturgis Daniel's serialized history of both the Infirmary and its associated medical school narrowly misses the time period of Menten's position and so is not helpful. 44 Menten was a lifelong "multitasker," which makes all reports of her biographical information confusing; further complicating matters, ambitious aspiring women medical scientists in the early 20 th century often gained much of their research experience by doing informal volunteer work in top laboratories.…”

Emily Blackwell’s Medical School Betrayal: “Duplicity and Double Dealing Somewhere”

“…Rush Medical College in Chicago finally allowed Emily to enroll in October 1852. 1,7 Emily was shy, but less standoffish than Elizabeth, and according to her journal, she called on forty-year-old Daniel Brainard, Rush's founder, president, and professor of surgery shortly after she arrived. Brainard welcomed her and encouraged her to make the rounds of the other professors before classes began on October 30, which she did.…”

“…30,31 Introduction One Health is a health approach that advocates considering human, animal, and ecosystem health, as well as interdisciplinary cooperation to achieve the highest level of health, as well as a concept that provides an understanding of the control and spread of zoonoses and infectious diseases. [1][2][3] Since ancient times, this approach has interacted with elements such as veterinary medicine, human medicine, and public health. When animals began to be domesticated, they interacted with each other.…”

“…Scientists advocating this cooperation state that there is no clear line between human and veterinary medicine and veterinary medicine and human medicine are complementary. 1,[4][5][6][7] The first veterinary school in Türkiye was opened in 1842 with the name Military Veterinary School to meet the Turkish army' needs. 8 Due to the demand for more military veterinarians in the following years, it was decided to increase the number of students at the school.…”