The EACN scale for oil classification revisited thanks to fish diagrams

Queste, Sébastien; Salager, Jean‐Louis; Strey, R.; Aubry, Jean‐Marie

doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2006.07.004

Cited by 123 publications

(136 citation statements)

References 65 publications

(98 reference statements)

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“…carbon/hydrophobic components. For example, the EACNs for benzene, toluene, and dibutyl ether are reported to be 0, 1 and 3.4, respectively, much lower than the total number of backbone carbons, molecular weight, or relative mass of hydrophobic and hydrophilic components would suggest 36,60,61 . However, given the difference in bulk and methyl side groups, the relatively low value of EACN for the 3 cSt oil was unexpected.…”

Section: Characterization Of the Homogeneous Region By Electrical Conmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…One of the tools that have been used to produce microemulsions with complex hydrophobic oils is the linker formulation approach 60,61 . According to this approach, the hydrophilic-lipophilic interaction can be balanced by mixtures of hydrophilic and lipophilic surfactants that form a series of mediating connections to enhance the solubilisation of one phase into the other 34,62,63 .…”

Section: The Linker Effectmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Interpenetrating polymer networks templated on bicontinuous microemulsions containing silicone oil, methacrylic acid, and hydroxyethyl methacrylate

2012

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Interest in microemulsions as potential platforms for polymerization stems from the wide range of phase behaviour dependant morphologies and domain sizes that can be generated in a low viscosity environment. By introducing polymerizable components into the oil and aqueous phases of a microemulsion, we may essentially create a low viscosity, low interfacial tension, bicontinuous template with nanostructured morphologies and narrow domain size distributions analogous to those generated through conventional interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) synthesis and spinodal decomposition. The main objective of this dissertation is to test the application of bicontinuous microemulsion templates to the formulation and polymerization of a silicone-hydrogel IPN. In addition, the project expands on the classical definition of IPNs to a scale of entanglement at the level of groups of polymer chains, as opposed to molecular or chain-level entanglement.This study is divided into two main parts. In the first part, silicone microemulsions were developed and characterized according to the Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Difference (HLD) framework. The hydrophobicity of silicone oils, the characteristic curvature of silicone ii surfactants and the co-surfactant contribution of methacrylic acid (MAA) and hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) were quantified. These findings led to the successful formulation of bicontinuous microemulsions (μEs) containing silicone oil, silicone alkyl polyether and reactive monomers in aqueous solution. Ternary phase diagrams of these systems revealed the potential for silicone-containing polymer composites with bicontinuous morphologies.In the second part of this study, the formulation and simultaneous polymerization of polydimethylsiloxane-poly(methacrylic acid -hydroxyethyl methacrylate), (PDMS-P(MAA-HEMA) IPNs from bicontinuous microemulsions was demonstrated. Laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) on swollen polymers highlights aqueous pathways, and indicates the formation of bicontinuous morphologies with domain sizes at equilibrium swelling ranging from ~100 nm to 1 μm. Incorporating polymerizable surfactants into the microemulsion aided in stabilizing the initial microemulsion structure during polymerization. The process developed demonstrates a simple, single-step polymerization approach to forming IPNs from low viscosity microemulsion templates, and could potentially be extended to a variety of hydrophilic and hydrophobic monomers.iii

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Section: Characterization Of the Homogeneous Region By Electrical Conmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: The Linker Effectmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interpenetrating polymer networks templated on bicontinuous microemulsions containing silicone oil, methacrylic acid, and hydroxyethyl methacrylate

2012

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“…The fish diagram has been used to describe the phase behavior of microemulsion systems for decades [34][35][36][37][38][39]. As shown schematically in Fig.…”

Section: Fish Diagram Of Motor Oil With the Selected Formulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microemulsion Formation and Detergency with Oily Soil: IV. Effect of Rinse Cycle Design

Tanthakit

Chavadej

Sabatini

et al. 2008

J Surfact & Detergents

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The objective of this work was to apply a microemulsion-based formulation for the removal of motor oil in laundry detergency at low salinity. To produce the desired phase behavior, three surfactants were used: alkyl diphenyl oxide disulfonate (ADPODS), sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate (AOT) and sorbitan monooleate (Span 80). The mixed surfactant system of 1.5% ADPODS, 5% AOT and 5% Span 80 (13 parts ADPODS, 43.5 parts AOT, and 43.5 parts Span 80 of the total actives) was found to form a middle phase microemulsion (Type III) at a relatively low salinity of 2.83% NaCl. When this formulation was diluted, detergency performance increased with increasing total surfactant concentration and leveled off above about 0.1% total actives on the three types of fabrics studied (pure cotton, 65/35 polyester/cotton blend, and pure polyester). Detergency was found to improve with increasing hydrophilicity of the fabric with cotton being cleanest after washing and polyester the most difficult to clean. To achieve a specified oil removal, less rinse water can be used if a higher number of lower-volume rinses are employed. An interesting characteristic of microemulsionbased formulations is that a substantial fraction of oil removal occurs during the rinse cycle. In this work, this removal is shown to be due to the low oil/water interfacial tension during initial rinsing and is therefore strongly correlated to residual surfactant concentration in the rinse steps. As a result, the number of rinses and the volume of water per rinse can profoundly affect detergency in these systems.

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“…A short overview of the history of HLD is given in a paper by Queste et al, 2007. As stated there, the HLD is based on the determination of the so-called optimum formulation with flexible interfacial films.…”

Section: Hydrophilic Lipophilic Deviation (Hld) -Equivalent Alkane Camentioning

confidence: 99%

Predictive Modeling of Microemulsion Phase Behaviour and Microstructure Characterisation in the 1-Phase Region

Rout¹,

Goyal²,

Sinha³

et al. 2012

Microemulsions - An Introduction to Properties and Applications

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The EACN scale for oil classification revisited thanks to fish diagrams

Cited by 123 publications

References 65 publications

Interpenetrating polymer networks templated on bicontinuous microemulsions containing silicone oil, methacrylic acid, and hydroxyethyl methacrylate

Interpenetrating polymer networks templated on bicontinuous microemulsions containing silicone oil, methacrylic acid, and hydroxyethyl methacrylate

Microemulsion Formation and Detergency with Oily Soil: IV. Effect of Rinse Cycle Design

Predictive Modeling of Microemulsion Phase Behaviour and Microstructure Characterisation in the 1-Phase Region

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