The early gene region completes the nucleotide sequence of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis phage LL-H

Mikkonen, Merja; Räisänen, Liisa; Alatossava, Tapani

doi:10.1016/0378-1119(96)00119-9

Cited by 29 publications

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References 39 publications

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“…bulgaricus are used as starters in cheese and yogurt production. The double-stranded DNA genome of the virulent phage LL-H (34.6 kb) is so far the only L. delbrueckii phage genome to be completely sequenced (29). The LL-H gene product responsible for host recognition has been identified as Gp71 by utilizing the isolated LL-H-resistant mutant (Ads-5) of L. delbrueckii subsp.…”

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Molecular Interaction between Lipoteichoic Acids and Lactobacillus delbrueckii Phages Depends on d -Alanyl and α-Glucose Substitution of Poly(Glycerophosphate) Backbones

et al. 2007

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Lipoteichoic acids (LTAs) have been shown to act as bacterial counterparts to the receptor binding proteins of LL-H, LL-H host range mutant LL-H-a21, and JCL1032. Here we have used LTAs purified by hydrophobic interaction chromatography from different phage-resistant and -sensitive strains of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis. Nuclear magnetic resonance analyses revealed variation in the degree of ␣-glucosyl and D-alanyl substitution of the 1,3-linked poly(glycerophosphate) LTAs between the phage-sensitive and phage-resistant strains. Inactivation of phages was less effective if there was a high level of D-alanine residues in the LTA backbones. Prior incubation of the LTAs with ␣-glucose-specific lectin inhibited the LL-H phage inactivation. The overall level of decoration or the specific spatial combination of ␣-glucosyl-substituted, D-alanyl-substituted, and nonsubstituted glycerol residues may also affect phage adsorption.Multiplication of phages requires the takeover of the host cell metabolism. The phage infection starts when phages adsorb irreversibly to the specific surface structures of the host bacterium. The rate of adsorption depends on external factors like medium, pH, temperature, and cofactors (e.g., cations) (2). Phage-host interactions during host recognition and attachment between enterobacteria phages , T5, and P22 and outer membrane receptors have been studied thoroughly (10,11,25,40,45). Less is known about phage receptors of gram-positive bacteria (16,37). Accessory polymers of the cell wall (such as polysaccharides and wall teichoic acids) (12,14,16), the peptidoglycan layer (44), and a few membrane proteins (22, 37) have been identified to serve as receptors for some Listeria, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Lactococcus lactis, and Lactobacillus phages.Bacteriophages cause economic losses by disrupting lactic acid bacteria during milk fermentation before the desired texture and flavor have been formed in the product. Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus are used as starters in cheese and yogurt production. The double-stranded DNA genome of the virulent phage LL-H (34.6 kb) is so far the only L. delbrueckii phage genome to be completely sequenced (29). The LL-H gene product responsible for host recognition has been identified as Gp71 by utilizing the isolated LL-H-resistant mutant (Ads-5) of L. delbrueckii subsp. lactis ATCC 15808 and the LL-H host range mutants (35). The small isometric-headed phage LL-H, with a noncontractile tail, a baseplate, and a central tail fiber (5, 21), exhibits only limited DNA similarity to another L. delbrueckii phage, JCL1032 (20, 36). The C-terminal end of ORF474 of JCL1032 shows, however, high sequence similarity to Gp71 (35). We have previously shown that lipoteichoic acids (LTAs) interact specifically with certain L. delbrueckii phages (34). LTAs most probably act as bacterial counterparts to the receptor binding proteins of LL-H, LL-H-a21, and JCL1032, thus representing a new class of phag...

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Molecular Interaction between Lipoteichoic Acids and Lactobacillus delbrueckii Phages Depends on d -Alanyl and α-Glucose Substitution of Poly(Glycerophosphate) Backbones

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“…lactis phage LL-H is the only L. delbrueckii phage that is completely sequenced (2,22). The LL-H genome exhibits a limited homology to the genome of the prolate-headed L. delbrueckii subsp.…”

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Characterization of Lipoteichoic Acids asLactobacillus delbrueckiiPhage Receptor Components

Räisänen

Schubert²,

Jaakonsaari

et al. 2004

J Bacteriol

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Lipoteichoic acids (LTAs) were purified from Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis ATCC 15808 and its LL-H adsorption-resistant mutant, Ads-5, by hydrophobic interaction chromatography. L. delbrueckii phages (LL-H, the LL-H host range mutant, and JCL1032) were inactivated by these poly(glycerophosphate) type of LTAs in vitro in accordance to their adsorption to intact ATCC 15808 and Ads-5 cells.

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“…lactis that was isolated in a Finnish cheese plant in 1972. It is a typical small isometric-head and long noncontractile-tail phage, having a double-stranded DNA pac-type genome of 34,659 bp in size (1,2,19,20,28). The lytic phage LL-S, isolated in Sippola (Finland) in 1953, was physically characterized by Sarimo et al (23) and is genetically similar to LL-H (11).…”

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A Conserved C-Terminal Region in Gp71 of the Small Isometric-Head Phage LL-H and ORF474 of the Prolate-Head Phage JCL1032 Is Implicated in Specificity of Adsorption of Phage to Its Host, Lactobacillus delbrueckii

2002

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Thirty-five phage-resistant mutants of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis ATCC 15808 were selected. Thirty-three of these mutants were assigned to the Bes group, while the remaining two were grouped under the Ads designation. Bes group mutants adsorbed phage LL-H but did not allow efficient phage development. Preliminary evidence suggests that these strains exhibit a mutation that changes the DNA specificity of a restriction-modification system. The Ads group mutants did not adsorb the small isometric-head phage LL-H. The results suggest that there are at least three different types of phage receptors in L. delbrueckii: two that are specific for small isometric-head phages and one that is specific for prolate-head phage JCL1032. Five LL-H host-range mutants which could overcome the adsorption block (a-type mutants) were selected and investigated by sequencing the genes g71 and g17, which encode minor and major tail proteins, respectively. Each of the a-type mutants carried a nucleotide change at the 3 end of gene g71. No mutations were observed in gene g17. Comparison of the gene product of g71 of phage LL-H with its homolog in JCL1032 (ORF474) showed that these proteins had very similar C-terminal regions. No similarities were found at the N-terminal part of the proteins. We conclude that the C-terminal portion of the protein encoded by g71 of phage LL-H and its homolog in phage JCL1032 determines the adsorption specificities of these phages on L. delbrueckii.

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The early gene region completes the nucleotide sequence of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis phage LL-H

Cited by 29 publications

References 39 publications

Molecular Interaction between Lipoteichoic Acids and Lactobacillus delbrueckii Phages Depends on d -Alanyl and α-Glucose Substitution of Poly(Glycerophosphate) Backbones

Molecular Interaction between Lipoteichoic Acids and Lactobacillus delbrueckii Phages Depends on d -Alanyl and α-Glucose Substitution of Poly(Glycerophosphate) Backbones

Characterization of Lipoteichoic Acids asLactobacillus delbrueckiiPhage Receptor Components

A Conserved C-Terminal Region in Gp71 of the Small Isometric-Head Phage LL-H and ORF474 of the Prolate-Head Phage JCL1032 Is Implicated in Specificity of Adsorption of Phage to Its Host, Lactobacillus delbrueckii

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