“…Wackernagel and Rees, 1997;Gu, 2005;Wackernagel et al, 2005;Rees and Wackernagel, 2008;Yu, 2009;Zhang, 2011) and data envelopment analysis (e.g. Li and Chen, 2008;Zhang et al, 2008;Deng et al, 2011;Gao et al, 2011;Mahlberg et al, 2011;Oggioni et al, 2011;Sahoo et al, 2011;Wang and Zhu, 2011;Wen and Li, 2011;Chen and Delmas, 2012;Yang et al, 2012;Halkos and Tzeremes, 2013;Chen et al, 2015) have been widely used. The emerging ecological cost index (Cagno et al, 2012;Vogtländer et al, 2002) and the sociological method (Mickwitz et al, 2006) were also used in recent years.…”