The economic impact of moderate stage Alzheimer's disease in Italy: evidence from the UP-TECH randomized trial

Abstract

NCT01700556).

Tip of the Iceberg: Assessing the Global Socioeconomic Costs of Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementias and Strategic Implications for Stakeholders

“…This instrument assesses the time caregivers spend on the provision of informal care such as Activities of Daily Living and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living, while also asking employed informal caregivers to state whether they had reduced their work hours and to what degree. Questionnaires such as the RUD and the RUD-Lite form the foundation of two common approaches to quantifying the value of informal care costs; namely, the replacement cost approach [48,56] and the opportunity cost approach (also referred to as the forgone wages or human capital approach) [21,[57][58][59]. The replacement cost approach values informal care time using the cost of an equivalent service bought in the market, such as the cost of a formal (paid) caregiver.…”

“…Most studies have assessed informal care costs as a consequence of caring for a patient diagnosed with dementia. Many studies of community-based patients have further segregated individuals according disease severity (e.g., mild, moderate, severe), typically based on measures such as Mini-Mental State Examination criteria or the Clinical Dementia Rating [8,25,56,57,59,60,71,72,74,78,79]. Despite the variabilities in informal care cost estimates, several crosssectional and longitudinal studies have demonstrated a direct association between costs and disease severity [25,57,59,60,78].…”

“…The Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI) is one of the most commonly used scales to assess the subjective burden experienced by informal ADRD caregivers [24,26,74,91,99]. Similarly, the Caregiver Burden Inventory, among other instruments (e.g., Role Overload Scale, Caregiver Strain Index), have also been commonly used to measure the subjective and objective aspects of caregiver burden [29,30,56,100]. As with patients, the Charlson comorbidity index is used to assess comorbid conditions in caregivers; however, there are numerous other instruments used in populations studies to gauge related aspects of health in caregivers, including depression (e.g., Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale), anxiety (e.g., Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale), mood (e.g., Positive and Negative Affect Scale), and sleep quality (e.g., Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index) among others [29,30,[101][102][103].…”

Development of Regional Disparities in Alzheimer’s Disease Mortality in the Slovak Republic from 1996 to 2015

“…From a point of view of the government, the benefit of these care arrangements is clear compared to the cost of the household care in the short term. However, if carers are not sufficiently supported, savings can soon be declared an offset by a higher risk of morbidity and mortality by the care provider due to high burden and stress [ 4 ].…”

Two Novel Donepezil-Lipoic Acid Hybrids: Synthesis, Anticholinesterase and Antioxidant Activities and Theoretical Studies

“…It was estimated that, in 2010, about 35.6 millions of people suffered from dementia worldwide, and it is expected that this number might triplicate in the next 40 years. 1 Patients affected by AD experience progressive cognitive impairment, such as a decline in short-term memory, loss of speech, language and motor coordination. 2,3 AD is pathologically characterized by an extracellular deposition of β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide into senile plaques, intracellular formation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) containing a hyperphosphorylated form of Tau protein, oxidative stress, mitochondrial abnormality, neuroinflammatory processes and neuronal loss, mainly affecting the frontal cortex and hippocampus.…”