The Effect of Clomiphene Citrate in Chickens

McGinnis, C. H.; Wallace, L. D.

doi:10.3382/ps.0520712

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Similarly exceptional were the characteristics of human urinary clomiphene metabolites detected after ingestion of clomiphene residue‐contaminated eggs as reported by Euler et al 74 Following‐up on literature reports that described the effect of administering the anti‐estrogenic substance to laying hens, 75–77 animals were treated in a controlled study with clomiphene and eggs were collected over a period of 14 days after cessation of the drug administration. Afterward, the eggs were consumed by healthy individuals, and urine samples were collected for 3 weeks and investigated specifically concerning the metabolic pattern.…”

Section: Analytical Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mass spectrometry in sports drug testing—Analytical approaches and the athletes' exposome

Thevis

Görgens

Guddat

et al. 2022

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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Test methods in anti‐doping, most of which rely on the most modern mass spectrometric instrumentation, undergo continuous optimization in order to accommodate growing demands as to comprehensiveness, sensitivity, retrospectivity, cost‐effectiveness, turnaround times, etc. While developing and improving analytical approaches is vital for appropriate sports drug testing programs, the combination of today's excellent analytical potential and the inevitable exposure of humans to complex environmental factors, specifically chemicals and drugs at the lowest levels, has necessitated dedicated research, particularly into the elite athlete's exposome. Being subjected to routine doping controls, athletes frequently undergo blood and/or urine tests for a plethora of drugs, chemicals, corresponding metabolic products, and various biomarkers. Due to the applicable anti‐doping regulations, the presence of prohibited substances in an athlete's organism can constitute an anti‐doping rule violation with severe consequences for the individual's career (in contrast to the general population), and frequently the question of whether the analytical data can assist in differentiating scenarios of ‘doping’ from ‘contamination through inadvertent exposure’ is raised. Hence, investigations into the athlete's exposome and how to distinguish between deliberate drug use and potential exposure scenarios have become a central topic of anti‐doping research, aiming at supporting and consolidating the balance between essential analytical performance characteristics of doping control test methods and the mandate of protecting the clean athlete by exploiting new strategies in sampling and analyzing specimens for sports drug‐testing purposes.

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Section: Analytical Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mass spectrometry in sports drug testing—Analytical approaches and the athletes' exposome

Thevis

Görgens

Guddat

et al. 2022

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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show abstract

“…14,15 However, due to the low detection limits, even contamination scenarios can be responsible for the smallest quantities of clomiphene in urine. A possible contamination scenario was identified in studies describing an enhanced egg production rate when poultry was treated with clomiphene [16][17][18][19] : if the meat and eggs of these chickens contained clomiphene residues, it could lead to a positive doping test. A controlled study was conducted to test this hypothesis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification and synthesis of (Z)‐3′‐hydroxy clomiphene as a new potential doping‐relevant metabolite of clomiphene

Euler

Mürdter

Heinkele

et al. 2023

Rapid Comm Mass Spectrometry

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A recent study addressed the possibility of unintentional ingestion of clomiphene through residues in chicken eggs. The method developed here helped distinguish between microdose intake of (E/Z)‐clomiphene citrate and consumption of clomiphene‐containing eggs by the urinary pattern of four mono‐hydroxylated clomiphene metabolites. However, reanalyses of doping‐control samples, which showed an adverse analytical finding for clomiphene, revealed a hydroxy clomiphene (HC) isomer that was not found after microdose intake or after consumption of clomiphene‐containing eggs and could not be assigned to any of the available reference compounds. The aim of the present follow‐up study was to identify this HC isomer and to characterize this metabolite with respect to its potential properties as long‐term metabolite in doping controls.Methods(E/Z)‐3′‐HC and (E/Z)‐4′‐HC were synthesized involving the McMurry reaction. An ultra‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS) method was developed and optimized after a derivatization step with dansyl chloride to separate eight HC isomers. Using this method, urine samples from a controlled clomiphene administration study were analyzed, in which male study participants received therapeutic doses of clomiphene for 30 days and collected urine samples for up to 8 months. Thus, isomer‐specific HC elimination profiles could be monitored.ResultsThe metabolite previously found in doping‐control samples was identified as (Z)‐3′‐HC. The elimination profiles of the different HCs confirmed previous results, with (Z)‐3‐HC being the most abundant urinary hydroxy metabolite shortly after administration. A new finding was that the data suggest that (Z)‐3′‐HC is excreted at higher relative concentrations only several weeks after drug intake.ConclusionThese findings might be of particular importance in sport drug testing as they can assist in the decision‐making process to distinguish between intentional doping and inadvertent exposure to clomiphene via food contamination.

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Assessing human urinary clomiphene metabolites after consumption of eggs from clomiphene-treated laying hens using chromatographic-mass spectrometric approaches

Euler

Gillard

Delahaut

et al. 2022

Analytica Chimica Acta

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The Effect of Clomiphene Citrate in Chickens

Cited by 4 publications

References 3 publications

Mass spectrometry in sports drug testing—Analytical approaches and the athletes' exposome

Mass spectrometry in sports drug testing—Analytical approaches and the athletes' exposome

Identification and synthesis of (Z)‐3′‐hydroxy clomiphene as a new potential doping‐relevant metabolite of clomiphene

Assessing human urinary clomiphene metabolites after consumption of eggs from clomiphene-treated laying hens using chromatographic-mass spectrometric approaches

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