The effect of diffused surface layers and oxygen atmosphere on the development of fatigue striations and cracks in copper single crystals

Extrusions and intrusions in fatigued metals. Part 1. State of the art and history†

“…Individual PSMs consist of tongue-like extrusions alternating with intrusions (mainly at their embryonic stages) or ribbon-like extrusions accompanied by intrusions in a characteristic way (cf. figures 2(a) and 2(b)) [8,33,39,47,69,71,76,78,[83][84][85][86]. 2 Macro-PSMs consist of protrusions (by some authors also termed "bulge" or "bulging") with superimposed individual extrusions and intrusions (see figure 2(c)) [39,41,42,44,58,[71][72][73]81,[87][88][89].…”

“…(vii) The inert environment (such as vacuum, UHV, nitrogen, argon, helium) has no significant effect on the PSM topography in comparison with the air [33,71,73,75,83,88] but it strongly affects crack nucleation and subsequent crack growth (see for example [73,75]). This review is limited to the discussion of the surface relief evolution, cyclic slip localization and fatigue crack initiation in f.c.c.…”

“…Surface foils after electrodeposition ‡ Lukáš, Klesnil and Krejčí (1968) [9] Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) Ultra HVEM (high voltage electron microscopy) of surface foils after electrodeposition ‡ Katagiri et al (1976) [32] Experimentally difficult technique enabling simultaneous observation of surface relief profiles and associated dislocation substructures. Greenfield (1971) [33], Thompson (1972) [34], Winter (1974) [35] Standard technique for qualitative study of topography and surface density (frequency of occurrence) of PSMs; quantitative assessment of PSM topography and its evolution is possible only in conjunction with some of specific techniques (see below). In-situ specimen surface observation Kromp, Weiss and Stickler (1973) [36] The technique used for the study of initiated short crack (near-crack-tip slip behaviour, crack opening displacement, crack interactions).…”