The Effect of EV Aggregators With Time-Varying Delays on the Stability of a Load Frequency Control System

Ko, Kab Seok; Sung, Dan Keun

doi:10.1109/tpwrs.2017.2690915

Cited by 127 publications

(119 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Though the above results [12][13][14][15][16][17] present some results for a V2G system, there are some flaws in my outlooks. The first one is that the existing methods design control laws by feedback of area control errors (ACE) [12][13][14][15][16][17], and the second one is that the existing results enumerate the gain of converter plant from the region [0, 1] restricted by the SOC [12][13][14][15][16][17], at last, the existing results apply H ∞ control to design the control law for V2G and multi-area LFC system, respectively [12][13][14][15][16][17]. Noted a V2G system, every single area LFC system connects with EVs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…Consequently, EVs influence the frequency incremental of themselves areas firstly, then, affect frequency incremental of other areas via power flow lines. Unluckily, the existing results [12][13][14][15][16][17] that do not decouple the power flow contained by ACE bring j areas's frequency incremental to i area. This fact can be addressed as a decoupled problem of power flows.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Due to the above facts, frequency regulation is useful to analyze and control a V2G system. Moreover, a V2G system faces some practical operating conditions, e.g., the new energies [3,12] and time delay [13][14][15]. Thus, the researchers consider the V2G system as a whole one and directly design some control laws to stabilize it [12][13][14][15][16][17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Simultaneous Power Flow Decouple and Converter Gain Design for Electric Vehicle to Grid System

Liu

2019

Energies

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This paper presents a novel idea based on the Port-Hamiltonian and cascade system to control the electric vehicle-to-grid (V2G) system. Based on the proposed method, the relationship between the converter plant gain and the moment of inertia of generator that has been established is effective for decoupled control of the V2G system. It is well known that the existing methods apply the H ∞ control and PSO method to enumerate and choose the value of converter plant gain from the region decided by the state of charge. Since an explicit form of converter plant gain is obtain in this paper, the proposed method that is unnecessary to repeat the above existing details effectively reduces the calculated amount of converter plant gain. Finally, the simulations demonstrate the validity and advantage of the proposed method.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Simultaneous Power Flow Decouple and Converter Gain Design for Electric Vehicle to Grid System

Liu

2019

Energies

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“…Practically for participation in frequency regulation service, a large number of EVs are aggregated as a unit called as EV aggregator [9,12] time delay was presented in [13]. Computation of delay margin for time-delayed LFC system has been illustrated in the literature [14][15][16]. A gain scheduling method has been proposed for secondary frequency control with time delay [17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…. Updated population is evaluated and again modified to obtain ' X new2 ' using Eqs (12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18). clearly explained in modification stage of SCA in Section 4.2.3.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Automatic generation control analysis of power system with nonlinearities andelectric vehicle aggregators with time-varying delay implementing a novel controlstrategy

Patel¹,

Sahu²,

Debnath³

2019

Turk J Elec Eng & Comp Sci

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Automatic generation control (AGC) also known as load frequency control plays a vital role in interconnected power system for frequency regulation. Electric vehicles (EVs) with battery as the storage device can participate in frequency regulation service. In practice, a large number of EVs are aggregated as a single unit called EV aggregator for participation in frequency regulation service in AGC system. Participation of EV aggregators in AGC system for frequency regulation will be encouraged in near future because EVs have less environmental pollution than the conventional vehicles. However, participation of EV aggregators in AGC system may introduce time delay which degrades the dynamic performance of the power system and even may lead to system instability. Further, generation rate constraint (GRC) and governor dead band (GDB) of synchronous generator introduce nonlinearity in the system, which adversely affects its dynamic performance. Hence, selection of an appropriate control strategy is essential for performance enrichment of the power system. In this work, a PID-fuzzy-PID (PID-FPID) controller optimally designed by hybridizing particle swarm optimization (PSO) and modified sine cosine algorithm (MSCA) is proposed and a novel attempt is made to improve the frequency stability of a two-equal-area interconnected thermal power system with GDB and GRC incorporating an EV aggregators with time-varying delay in each area. Integral time absolute error has been chosen as the objective function to optimally design the controller parameters. Dynamic performance of the system is also investigated with proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller optimally designed by PSO, sine cosine algorithm (SCA), MSCA, and hybrid PSO-MSCA. The efficacy and supremacy of the proposed hybrid PSO-MSCA-based PID-FPID control strategy is established by contrasting the results with the others. Finally, the robustness of the proposed control strategy is validated by (i) including two EV aggregators with time-varying delay in each area, (ii) applying a large disturbance of 0.4 p.u. in area-1, and (iii) applying a random load in area-1.

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Design, analysis, and real‐time validation of type‐2 fractional order fuzzy PID controller for energy storage–based microgrid frequency regulation

Govindaraju¹,

Sivalingam²

2020

Int Trans Electr Energ Syst

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Summary The indeterminate characteristics of solar, wind sources, and load make modern AC microgrids highly complex and cause frequency fluctuations. It is very much required to maintain power equilibrium among generation and demand by planning a suitable frequency regulation controller. Henceforth, this research presents a maiden application of a hybrid Harris hawks optimization and pattern Search s (hHHO‐PS)‐based type‐2 fractional order fuzzy PID (T2FFOPID) controller for frequency regulation of an AC microgrid. Initially, a PID controller is considered, and the effectiveness of hHHO‐PS technique is compared with original Harris hawks optimization (HHO) as well as genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) techniques. In the next stage, superiority of proposed T2FFOPID over PID, type‐1 fuzzy PID (T1FPID), and fuzzy fractional order PID (T1FFOPID) controller is demonstrated. To authenticate the effectiveness of the suggested control method, different load disturbances as well as various rates of solar and wind sources penetration have been considered. The suggested control approach displays significant improvement in dynamic responses with fast damping of oscillations. Investigations of results affirm the better performance of T2FFOPID over other controllers regarding minutest error criteria and undershoot/overshoot of frequency deviations at various disturbances. Additionally, sensitivity analysis validates the robust conduct of T2FFOPID controller under variations parameters and communication delay. Finally, the MATLAB simulation results are validated in the OPAL‐RT OP5700 RCP/HIL FPGA real‐time simulator for practical feasibility of the proposed work.

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The Effect of EV Aggregators With Time-Varying Delays on the Stability of a Load Frequency Control System

Cited by 127 publications

References 19 publications

Simultaneous Power Flow Decouple and Converter Gain Design for Electric Vehicle to Grid System

Simultaneous Power Flow Decouple and Converter Gain Design for Electric Vehicle to Grid System

Automatic generation control analysis of power system with nonlinearities andelectric vehicle aggregators with time-varying delay implementing a novel controlstrategy

Design, analysis, and real‐time validation of type‐2 fractional order fuzzy PID controller for energy storage–based microgrid frequency regulation

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