The effect of illumination on the formation of metal halide perovskite films

Ummadisingu, Amita; Steier, Ludmilla; Seo, Ji‐Youn; Matsui, Taisuke; Abate, Antonio; Tress, Wolfgang; Grätzel, Michaël

doi:10.1038/nature22072

Cited by 265 publications

(237 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has rocketed from 9% to 22.1% within the last 5 years, shocking the photovoltaic community. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has rocketed from 9% to 22.1% within the last 5 years, shocking the photovoltaic community.…”

Section: Perovskite Solar Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[22][23][24] These impacts on perovskite films could profoundly affect the performance of the final devices. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has rocketed from 9% to 22.1% within the last 5 years, shocking the photovoltaic community. It is thus of vital importance to understand the interaction mechanism between different SVAs and perovskite films during/post the film-annealing process.…”

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confidence: 99%

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In Situ Real‐Time Study of the Dynamic Formation and Conversion Processes of Metal Halide Perovskite Films

Meng

Liu

et al. 2018

Advanced Materials

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Metal halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have advanced to the forefront of solution-processed photovoltaic techniques and made stunning progress in power conversion efficiency (PCE). Further improvements in device performances rely on perfecting the structure and morphology of perovskite films. However, undesirable defects such as pinholes and grain boundaries are often created in film preparations due to lack of knowledge of the precise reaction mechanism. Here, in situ grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction (GI-XRD) investigations are performed, facilitated by other techniques, on the formation of the widely adopted MAPbI (MA = methylammonium) perovskite films from their intermediate adduct (IA) phases. The influences of solvent vapor atmospheres on MAPbI films are also systematically investigated, where the dynamic conversion processes between different phases are visualized in real time. Further in situ GI-XRD and infrared spectroscopy measurements reveal that the IA phases contain both N,N-dimethylformamide and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as coordinating molecules. By tuning the DMSO concentration in perovskite precursors, the ideal perovskite film is formed and the best PCE is achieved for the planar MAPbI -based PSCs. These findings highlight the role of IA phases and the effect of solvent atmospheres on the quality of perovskite films, providing direct insights into their growth mechanism.

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Section: Perovskite Solar Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

In Situ Real‐Time Study of the Dynamic Formation and Conversion Processes of Metal Halide Perovskite Films

Meng

Liu

et al. 2018

Advanced Materials

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“…14−16 Many studies have focused on improving the deposition techniques and the crystal quality of perovskite films, and it was, for example, shown that illumination during film formation can enhance the quality of perovskite films. 17 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Partially Reversible Photoinduced Chemical Changes in a Mixed-Ion Perovskite Material for Solar Cells

Cappel

Svanström

Lanzilotto

et al. 2017

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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Metal halide perovskites have emerged as materials of high interest for solar energy-to-electricity conversion, and in particular, the use of mixed-ion structures has led to high power conversion efficiencies and improved stability. For this reason, it is important to develop means to obtain atomic level understanding of the photoinduced behavior of these materials including processes such as photoinduced phase separation and ion migration. In this paper, we implement a new methodology combining visible laser illumination of a mixed-ion perovskite ((FAPbI3)0.85(MAPbBr3)0.15) with the element specificity and chemical sensitivity of core-level photoelectron spectroscopy. By carrying out measurements at a synchrotron beamline optimized for low X-ray fluxes, we are able to avoid sample changes due to X-ray illumination and are therefore able to monitor what sample changes are induced by visible illumination only. We find that laser illumination causes partially reversible chemistry in the surface region, including enrichment of bromide at the surface, which could be related to a phase separation into bromide- and iodide-rich phases. We also observe a partially reversible formation of metallic lead in the perovskite structure. These processes occur on the time scale of minutes during illumination. The presented methodology has a large potential for understanding light-induced chemistry in photoactive materials and could specifically be extended to systematically study the impact of morphology and composition on the photostability of metal halide perovskites.

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“…[1][2][3][4][5] The propensity of perovskite films for low-cost solution processing also encourages scientists to explore potential applications beyond solar cells. [1][2][3][4][5] The propensity of perovskite films for low-cost solution processing also encourages scientists to explore potential applications beyond solar cells.…”

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confidence: 99%

Broadband Extrinsic Self‐Trapped Exciton Emission in Sn‐Doped 2D Lead‐Halide Perovskites

et al. 2018

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Metal-halide perovskites represent a class of promising light absorbers for efficient solar cells. [1][2][3][4][5] The propensity of perovskite films for low-cost solution processing also encourages scientists to explore potential applications beyond solar cells. [6][7][8][9] In particular, as emitters, perovskites exhibit intriguing luminescent properties such as narrowband emission, spectral tunability, and high quantum efficiency, which enables applications in the microlasers and light-emitting diodes (LEDs). [10][11][12][13] The luminescence efficiency of perovskites generally relies on nanostructures that can spatially confine excitons, and consequently reduce the possibility of nonradiative recombination during the carrier/ exciton migration. However, nanocrystals, due to boundary scattering of carriers, generally face the problem of poor charge transport, which is undesirable for LED performance. 2D perovskites, where bulky organic layers and inorganic layers are alternately and periodically arranged, feature natural quantum-well structures. This quantum-well structure is regarded as promising LED emitters for decades. [14][15][16] However, low photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQYs, typically < 1%) of 2D perovskites at room temperature is a bottleneck to achieving high-performance LEDs. [17] The low PLQYs may be attributed to insufficient confinement of Wannier type excitons within the inorganic layers [18] as suggested by the long charge-carrier/exciton diffusion length (60 nm). [19] Engineering crystal structures of low-dimensional (0D to 2D) perovskites by employing suitable organic ammonium cations is the predominant methods for the tuning of luminescence, both in spectral coverage and efficiency. [20,21] In these cases, severe structural distortion of metal halide octahedra is a common feature because of the size mismatch between organic and inorganic components, which results in potential fluctuations. [22,23] Such fluctuations of potential within an inorganic layer of perovskite sometimes, but not always, [20,21] slow the diffusion of carriers or excitons, and consequently induce self-trapped excitons (STEs), which represents a type of bound states for efficient radiative recombination. However, the occurrence of exciton self-trapping in semiconductors is the exception rather than the rule. [24] In parallel, compositional engineering As emerging efficient emitters, metal-halide perovskites offer the intriguing potential to the low-cost light emitting devices. However, semiconductors generally suffer from severe luminescence quenching due to insufficient confinement of excitons (bound electron-hole pairs). Here, Sn-triggered extrinsic self-trapping of excitons in bulk 2D perovskite crystal, PEA 2 PbI 4 (PEA = phenylethylammonium), is reported, where exciton self-trapping never occurs in its pure state. By creating local potential wells, isoelectronic Sn dopants initiate the localization of excitons, which would further induce the large lattice deformation around the impurities to accommodate the se...

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The effect of illumination on the formation of metal halide perovskite films

Cited by 265 publications

References 30 publications

In Situ Real‐Time Study of the Dynamic Formation and Conversion Processes of Metal Halide Perovskite Films

In Situ Real‐Time Study of the Dynamic Formation and Conversion Processes of Metal Halide Perovskite Films

Partially Reversible Photoinduced Chemical Changes in a Mixed-Ion Perovskite Material for Solar Cells

Broadband Extrinsic Self‐Trapped Exciton Emission in Sn‐Doped 2D Lead‐Halide Perovskites

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