The effect of mineral trioxide aggregate on phagocytic activity and production of reactive oxygen, nitrogen species and arginase activity by M1 and M2 macrophages

Abstract

Phagocytosis and the ability of the two macrophage subtypes to eliminate microbes were not affected by MTA.

Mineral Trioxide Aggregate: A Comprehensive Literature Review—Part II: Leakage and Biocompatibility Investigations

“…Conflicting results among the studies in regards to the effect of MTA on cytokine production can be attributed to the type of cell culture, the type of MTA and the cytokines investigated (140,(164)(165)(166)(194)(195)(196)(197)(198)(199)(200)(201)(202). Most in vitro investigations have confirmed MTA as a cytokine and signaling molecule productive material.…”

“…Cell response to the presence of MTA or MTA extracts has been extensively investigated (138,140,158,159,162,(164)(165)(166)(194)(195)(196)(197)(198)(199)(200)(201)(202). Up-regulation of various types of cytokines and biologic markers has been reported in the presence of MTA in several cell culture studies when compared with control or other tested materials.…”

In vitrocytotoxicity of four calcium silicate-based endodontic cements on human monocytes, a colorimetric MTT assay

“…Tryptan blue solution can only distinguish between viable or dead cells 32. MTT is a colorimetric assay based on the ability of mitochondrial dehydrogenase enzymes in living cells to convert the yellow water-soluble tetrazolium salt into dark blue formazan crystals 33,34.…”

Evaluation of tissue reaction to freshly mixed endodontic sealers and their relationship with the M1 macrophage phenotype

“…11,12 Accordingly, the presence of a certain subtype of macrophage in the connective tissue after injury could lead to either faster repair or persistence of inflammatory reactions for a longer period of time. 13 These macrophages, known as M1 and M2, can both be found in tissue, but the predominance of M1 is generally associated with greater inflammatory reaction and release of pro-inflammatory mediators, 14 while M2 is associated with the initiation of tissue remodeling, angiogenesis and repair. 15 Despite the importance of biomaterial compounds in macrophage activity, 16,17 few studies have attempted to assess the effects of endodontic sealers on macrophage phenotype, 10,14,18 which may influence the magnitude, type and duration of the inflammatory immune response.…”

“…15 Despite the importance of biomaterial compounds in macrophage activity, 16,17 few studies have attempted to assess the effects of endodontic sealers on macrophage phenotype, 10,14,18 which may influence the magnitude, type and duration of the inflammatory immune response. Considering that functional macrophage phenotypes can be altered as a result of changes in their microenvironment, 11,12,13 such as material properties, 10,14,[16][17][18] further studies need to be conducted to determine the effects of chemically different endodontic sealers on referred cells.…”