The Effect of Orally Dosed Levagen+™ (palmitoylethanolamide) on Exercise Recovery in Healthy Males—A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study

Mallard, Alistair R.; Briskey, David; Richards, Andrew; Mills, Dean E.; Rao, Amanda

doi:10.3390/nu12030596

Cited by 13 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…The results are in line with PEA’s ability to reduce muscle protein breakdown as shown by a significant increase in protein kinase B (Akt) phosphorylation, a kinase known to induce protein synthesis [ 188 ], and the ability to clear myoglobin from the circulation [ 31 ]. The fall in lactate levels is not yet fully understood but reflects decreased lactate production and/or increased uptake into surrounding tissues.…”

Section: Pea and Exercise Recoverysupporting

confidence: 53%

“…PEA’s application to an exercising population and potential for muscle recovery is not well understood. To date, only one clinical trial has assessed the impact of PEA on recovery from muscle-damaging exercise [ 31 ]. This study found that the group consuming 176.5 mg of a high-bioavailability form of PEA (containing NLT 158 mg PEA) in liquid form had significantly lower myoglobin and blood lactate levels than the placebo group.…”

Section: Pea and Exercise Recoverymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…PEA’s multiple mechanisms of action generate therapeutic benefits in many disorders, including allergic reactions [ 17 , 21 , 25 , 26 ], influenza [ 24 ], common cold [ 24 ], chronic pain [ 27 , 28 ], joint pain [ 29 ], psychopathologies [ 27 , 30 ] and neurodegeneration [ 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 19 ]. They also contribute to enhanced muscle recovery [ 31 ] and improved cognition [ 26 , 32 ], mood [ 26 , 28 , 33 ] and sleep [ 34 , 35 ]. Endogenous PEA is generally insufficient to counter chronic allostatic load as seen in chronic inflammatory disorders [ 30 , 36 , 37 ], making exogenous administration a viable therapeutic strategy to top-up endogenous levels and restore bodily homeostasis [ 36 , 37 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Palmitoylethanolamide: A Natural Compound for Health Management

Clayton¹,

Hill

Bogoda

et al. 2021

IJMS

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All nations which have undergone a nutrition transition have experienced increased frequency and falling latency of chronic degenerative diseases, which are largely driven by chronic inflammatory stress. Dietary supplementation is a valid strategy to reduce the risk and severity of such disorders. Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) is an endocannabinoid-like lipid mediator with extensively documented anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antimicrobial, immunomodulatory and neuroprotective effects. It is well tolerated and devoid of side effects in animals and humans. PEA’s actions on multiple molecular targets while modulating multiple inflammatory mediators provide therapeutic benefits in many applications, including immunity, brain health, allergy, pain modulation, joint health, sleep and recovery. PEA’s poor oral bioavailability, a major obstacle in early research, has been overcome by advanced delivery systems now licensed as food supplements. This review summarizes the functionality of PEA, supporting its use as an important dietary supplement for lifestyle management.

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Section: Pea and Exercise Recoverysupporting

confidence: 53%

Section: Pea and Exercise Recoverymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Palmitoylethanolamide: A Natural Compound for Health Management

Clayton¹,

Hill

Bogoda

et al. 2021

IJMS

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“…However, both parameters decreased with increasing CT supplementation in exercised rats, which suggests a dose-response of these effects. Lactate production has been linked to insufficient muscle oxygenation and, consequently, results from fatigue and muscle soreness [ 40 , 41 ]. As outlined by other researchers, and in agreement with the present, L-carnitine has been shown to reduce lactate production and improve exercise performance [ 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Dose-Dependent Effect of Carnipure® Tartrate Supplementation on Endurance Capacity, Recovery, and Body Composition in an Exercise Rat Model

et al. 2020

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The objective of this work is to investigate the effects of Carnipure® Tartrate (CT) supplementation with or without exercise on endurance capacity, recovery, and fatigue by assessing time to exhaustion as well as body weight and composition in rats. In addition, antioxidant capacity has been evaluated by measuring malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and antioxidant enzyme (superoxide dismutase, SOD; catalase, CAT; glutathioneperoxidase; GSHPx) activities. Fifty-six male Wistar rats were divided into eight groups including seven rats each. A control group did not receive CT nor exercise. Another control group received 200 mg/kg CT without exercise. The other six groups of rats went through an exercise regimen consisting of a 5-day training period with incremental exercise capacity, which was followed by 6 weeks of the run at 25 m/min for 45 min every day. CT was supplemented at 0, 25, 50, 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg per day during the 6 weeks. Rats submitted to exercise and supplemented with CT had a significant and dose-dependent increase in time to exhaustion and this effect seems to be independent of exercise (p < 0.05). Additionally, recovery and fatigue were improved, as shown by a significant and dose-dependent decrease in myoglobin and lactic acid plasma levels, which are two markers of muscle recovery. CT supplementation led to a dose-response decrease in body weight and visceral fat. These effects become significant at 200 and 400 mg/kg doses (p < 0.05). Additionally, the antioxidant capacity was improved, as shown by a significant and dose-dependent increase in SOD, CAT, and GSHPx. Serum MDA concentrations decreased in exercising rats with CT supplementation. CT supplementation led to a decrease in serum glucose, triglycerides, and total cholesterol concentrations with the lowest levels observed at 400 mg/kg dose (p < 0.05). These effects correlated with a significant dose-dependent increase in serum total L-carnitine, free L-carnitine, and acetyl-carnitine, which linked the observed efficacy to CT supplementation. These results demonstrate that CT supplementation during exercise provides benefits on exercise performance, recovery, and fatigue as well as improved the lipid profile and antioxidant capacity. The lowest dose leads to some of these effects seen in rats where 25 mg/kg corresponds to 250 mg/day as a human equivalent.

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“…Indeed, exercise interventions were shown to modulate PEA, a ligand of GPR55, in the muscle of women with chronic neck shoulder pain [58]. In a randomized controlled trial, oral doses of PEA improved several markers associated with muscle recovery after exercise [59]. These studies support the idea that exercise increases a GPR55 agonist, which could potentially link back exercise anxiolytic activity to eCBome-mediated activation of GPR55.…”

Section: Exercise and Endocannabinoidsmentioning

confidence: 75%

Neurobiological Processes Induced by Aerobic Exercise through the Endocannabinoidome

Forteza

Giorgini

Raymond

2021

Cells

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Evidence suggesting the triangulation of the endocannabinoid system, exercise, and neurological health is emerging. In addition to the endocannabinoids N-arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide; AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), the expanded endocannabinoid system, known as the endocannabinoidome (eCBome), appears to be an important player in this relationship. The eCBome includes several endocannabinoid-like mediators such as N-acylethanolamines and 2-monoacylglycerols, the enzymes involved in their biosynthesis and degradation, and the receptors they affect. This review aims to relate the functional interactions between aerobic exercise, and the molecular and cellular pathways related to endocannabinoids, in the hypothalamus, hippocampus, and the periphery, with special attention given to associations with emotional state, cognition, and mental health. Given the well-documented roles of many eCBome members in regulating stress and neurological processes, we posit that the eCBome is an important effector of exercise-induced central and peripheral adaptive mechanisms that benefit mental health. Gut microbiota imbalance, affecting the gut-brain axis and metabolism, also influences certain eCBome-modulated inflammation pathways. The integrity of the gut microbiota could thus be crucial in the onset of neuroinflammation and mental conditions. Further studies on how the modulation by exercise of the peripheral eCBome affects brain functions could reveal to be key elements in the prevention and treatment of neuropsychological disorders.

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The Effect of Orally Dosed Levagen+™ (palmitoylethanolamide) on Exercise Recovery in Healthy Males—A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study

Cited by 13 publications

References 29 publications

Palmitoylethanolamide: A Natural Compound for Health Management

Palmitoylethanolamide: A Natural Compound for Health Management

A Dose-Dependent Effect of Carnipure® Tartrate Supplementation on Endurance Capacity, Recovery, and Body Composition in an Exercise Rat Model

Neurobiological Processes Induced by Aerobic Exercise through the Endocannabinoidome

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