The Effect of Placebo-Induced Changes in Expectancies on Maximal Force Production in College Students

Kalasountas, Vasandreas; Reed, Justy; Fitzpatrick, John F.

doi:10.1080/10413200601123736

Cited by 45 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 28 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…All experimental investigations of treadmill and cycling exercise were reviewed and, whilst articles investigating deception in other exercise modes were noted [37][38][39] , they were deemed beyond the scope of this review. Exclusion criteria were also extended to research into the effects of placebos [40,41] and pain manipulation [42,43] with delimitation to the deception of performance, physiological and psychological variable feedback.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiological and Psychological Effects of Deception on Pacing Strategy and Performance: A Review

et al. 2013

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The aim of an optimal pacing strategy during exercise is to enhance performance whilst ensuring physiological limits are not surpassed, which has been shown to result in a metabolic reserve at the end of the exercise. There has been debate surrounding the theoretical models that have been proposed to explain how pace is regulated, with more recent research investigating a central control of exercise regulation. Deception has recently emerged as a common, practical approach to manipulate key variables during exercise. There are a number of ways in which deception interventions have been designed, each intending to gain particular insights into pacing behaviour and performance. Deception methodologies can be conceptualised according to a number of dimensions such as deception timing (prior to or during exercise); presentation frequency (blind, discontinuous or continuous); and type of deception (performance, biofeedback or environmental feedback). However research evidence on the effects of deception has been perplexing and the use of complex designs and varied methodologies makes it difficult to draw any definitive conclusions about how pacing strategy and performance are affected by deception.This review examines existing research in the area of deception and pacing strategies, and provides a critical appraisal of the different methodological approaches used to date. It is hoped that this critical analysis will inform the direction and methodology of future investigations in this area by addressing the mechanisms through which deception impacts upon performance and by elucidating the potential application of deception techniques in training and competitive settings.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiological and Psychological Effects of Deception on Pacing Strategy and Performance: A Review

et al. 2013

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Expectancies are an integral part of the placebo effect (29) and researchers conclude that both positive and negative beliefs associated with placebos and their effects, significantly affect performance (12). Psychological variables such as motivation, expectancy and the interaction of these constructs with physiological variables might be significant factors in driving positive and negative outcomes (12).…”

Section: Placebosmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are also, many speculative anecdotal examples of what may be legitimate placebo effects (12). Expectations of substance-specific effects seem to trigger many physiological and psychological reactions (30), independent of the substance given (22,29,63). Within this type of expectancy manipulation, the deception element of the methodology is known, with the participant's acknowledgement prior to the investigation, of a substance's possible effects.…”

Section: Placebosmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deception Studies Manipulating Centrally Acting Performance Modifiers

Williams

Jones

Sparks

et al. 2014

Medicine &Amp; Science in Sports &Amp; Exercise

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Athletes anticipatorily set, and continuously adjust pacing strategies prior to and during events, in order to produce optimal performance. Self-regulation ensures maximal effort is exerted in correspondence with the endpoint of exercise, whilst preventing physiological changes that are detrimental and disruptive to homeostatic control. The integration of feedforward and feedback information, together with the proposed brain's performance modifiers, are said to be fundamental to this anticipatory and continuous regulation of exercise.Manipulation of central, regulatory internal and external stimuli has been a key focus within deception research, attempting to influence the self-regulation of exercise and induce improvements in performance. Methods of manipulating performance modifiers such as unknown task endpoint, deceived duration or intensity feedback, self-belief or previous experience creates a challenge within research, as although they contextualise theoretical propositions, there are few ecological and practical approaches which integrate theory with practice. Additionally the different methods and measures demonstrated in manipulation studies have produced inconsistent results. This review examines and critically evaluates the current methods of how specific centrally-controlled performance modifiers have been manipulated, within previous deception studies. From the 31 studies reviewed, 10 reported positive effects on performance, encouraging future investigations to explore the mechanisms responsible for influencing pacing, and consequently how deceptive approaches can further facilitate performance. The review acts to discuss the use of expectation manipulation not only to examine which methods of deception are successful in facilitating performance, but also to understand further the key components used in the regulation of exercise and performance.

show abstract

“…However, the interventions in which placebo responses were measured were all within-subject designs, except for one study (clark et al 2000). There is a controversy regarding whether data obtained from different designs should be mixed in a meta-analysis, and also regarding how to compute effect sizes in repeated measures designs (ariel & saville 1972;kalasouNtas et al 2007;maGanariS et al 2000). In the computation of the effect sizes in case of different study designs, the general outlines of Morris & desHoN (2002) were followed.…”

Section: Ejmh 6:2 December 2011mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Three studies (ariel & saville 1972;kalasouNtas et al 2007; maGaNaris et al 2000) examined placebo effect in more than one exercise. Thus we had to consider whether we should count each result in a study as an independent one, or combine them somehow and consider them as a single grand result (i.e.…”

Section: Ejmh 6:2 December 2011mentioning

confidence: 99%

Placebo Effects in Sport and Exercise: A Meta-Analysis

Bérdi¹,

Köteles²,

Szabó³

et al. 2011

EJMH

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The empirical foundation of the 'placebo effect' is presented briefly, which is followed by the meta-analysis of the relatively few published reports that have investigated placebo effects in sports performance. Based on the analysis of the fourteen studies included in the meta-analysis, an overall medium effect size (0.4, 95% CI ranged from 0.24 to 0.56) was found. Homogeneity of effect sizes (χ 2 (13, N = 196) = 9.35, p = 0.75) and the feasibility of possible explanation models were also tested. In various sports (e.g. cycling, running, weightlifting) the investigation of the placebo effect on various physiological or performance measures (e.g. muscle power, heart rate, running speed) and psychological attributes (e.g. perceived exertion, post-experiment interviews) yielded significant results. Indeed, the common finding of the reviewed studies was that from the point of view of the athletes there is substantial performance enhancement as a result of different forms of placebos. However, the interpretation of some of the results may be limited by methodological shortcomings. Based on the reviewed articles and further questions emerging from them, methodological recommendations as well as possible research ideas are suggested for further inquiries in the area.Keywords: placebo effect, meta-analysis, expectation, belief, sport, physical exercise, mechanism, nocebo Placebo-Effekt im Bereich Sport: Metaanalyse: Die Grundlagen der Erforschung des Placebo-Effekts werden kurz geschildert, sodann werden die Ergebnisse unserer Metaanalyse vorgestellt, die auf Grundlage einiger Studien zur Untersuchung des messbaren Placebo-Effekts bei Sportleistungen durchgeführt wurde. Auf Grundlage der in die Metaanalyse integrierten 14 Studien wurde eine mittlere Wirkungsgröße festgestellt (0,4, mit 95% CI 0,24-0,56). Es wurden die Homogenität der Wirkungsgrößen (χ 2 (13, N = 196) = 9,35, p = 0,75), sowie die Möglichkeit der

show abstract

The Effect of Placebo-Induced Changes in Expectancies on Maximal Force Production in College Students

Cited by 45 publications

References 28 publications

Physiological and Psychological Effects of Deception on Pacing Strategy and Performance: A Review

Physiological and Psychological Effects of Deception on Pacing Strategy and Performance: A Review

Deception Studies Manipulating Centrally Acting Performance Modifiers

Placebo Effects in Sport and Exercise: A Meta-Analysis

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About