The effect of prior training with a scale of distance on absolute and relative judgments of distance over ground.

Gibson, Eleanor J.; Bergman, R. C.; Purdy, Jean

doi:10.1037/h0048518

Cited by 78 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…al., 1955). Critical and effective elements in past and current training appear to include corrective reinforcement (Gibson and Swith, 1952;Kappaul, 1946;Schmidt, 1956), exposure during training to targets at known distances to develop scalar dimensions or experienced limits to individual perceptions of depth (Gibson, et. a!., 1955), which can be transferred from one environment and task to another (Gibson & Bergman, 1954), and training either with aids or without when necessary using known size targets to enhance relative size perceptions (AIRL, 1945;Bostock, 1915;Epstein, et.…”

Section: Training Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…training procedures can enhance an individual's ability to estimate range (Bostock, 1915;Ferris 1971;Gibson, et. al., 1955).…”

Section: Training Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Bostock (1915), Sergeant Major for the School of Yusketry of Great Britain, has provided information and techniques which have been supported by subsequent formal research. lechniques for training include corrective reinforcement (Kappaul, 1945;Schmidt, 1956) and developing scalar judgement through exposure to I known-size targets at a variety of ranges for relative size familiarity (Gibson & Bergman, 1954, Gibson, et. al., 1955Oatman, 1963).…”

Section: )mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They did suggest that terrain differences, being minimal, and the immediacy of testing after training may have contributed to an artifically high level of transfer. Later experimental work (Gibson, Bergman, & Purdy, 1955) showed lower transfer levels when greater variation in experimental conditions existed. The field experiments in the Gibson, Bergman, and Purdy (1955) study did produce significant differences between the judgements of trained observers and untrained ones (N-70).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Range estimation training and practice: A state of the art review.

Thompson¹

1982

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Section: Training Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…training procedures can enhance an individual's ability to estimate range (Bostock, 1915;Ferris 1971;Gibson, et. al., 1955).…”

Section: Training Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: )mentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Range estimation training and practice: A state of the art review.

Thompson¹

1982

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“…For example, experiments in outdoor environments (Da Silva & Rozestraten, 1979;Gibson, Bergman, & Purdy, 1955;Miskie, Dainoff, Sherman, & Johnston, 1975;Teghtsoonian & Teghtsoonian, 1970) and in laboratories (Künnapas, 1960;Teghtsoonian & Teghtsoonian, 1969;Teghtsoonian & Teghtsoonian, 1978) differ in their results. Only one investigation on distance scaling was carried out with children as observers, whose ages ranged from 8 to 12 years old.…”

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confidence: 99%

Distance perception in a natural outdoor setting: is there a developmental trend to overconstancy?

et al. 2006

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The main purpose of the present study was to investigate whether in natural environment, using very large physical distances, there is a trend to overconstancy for distance estimates during development. One hundred and twenty-nine children aged 5 to 13 years old and twenty-one adults (in a control group), participated as observers. The observer's task was to bisect egocentric distances, ranging from 1.0 to 296.0 m, presented in a large open field. The analyses focused on two parameters, constant errors and variable errors, such as measuring accuracy and precision, respectively. A third analysis focused on the developmental pattern of shifts in constancy as a function of age and range of distances. Constant error analysis showed that there are two relevant parameters for accuracy, age, and range of distances. For short distances, there are three developmental stages: 5-7 years, when children have unstable responses, 7-11, underconstancy, and 13 to adulthood, when accuracy is reached. For large distances, there is a two-stage development: 5-11 years, with severe underconstancy, and beyond this age, with mild underconstancy. Variable errors analyses indicate that precision is noted for 7 year-old children, independently of the range of distances. The constancy analyses indicated that there is a shift from constancy (or slightly overconstancy) to underconstancy as a function of physical distance for all age groups. The age difference is noted in the magnitude of underconstancy that occurs in larger distances, where adults presented lower levels of underconstancy than children. The present data were interpreted as due to a developmental change in cognitive processing rather than to changes in visual space perception. Keywords: visual perception, space perception, perceptual development, psychophysics, child psychology, egocentric distance El principal objetivo de este estudio fue investigar si en un medio natural, empleando distancias físicas muy grandes, hay una tendencia a sobre-constancia para las estimaciones de distancias durante el desarrollo evolutivo. Participaron como observadores 129 niños de edades entre 5 y 13 años y 21 adultos (en un grupo control). La tarea de los observadores consistió en biseccionar unas distancias egocéntricas, que variaban entre 1,0 y 296,0 m, presentadas en un gran campo abierto. El análisis se centró en dos parámetros, error constante y error variable, de la exactitud y precisión de medida, respectivamente. Un tercer análisis se centró en el patrón evolutivo de cambios en la constancia en función de la edad y el rango de distancias. El análisis de los errores constantes mostró que hay dos parámetros relevantes para la precisión, edad y rango de distancias. Para distancias cortas, hay tres fases evolutivas: 5-7 años, cuando los niños dan respuestas inestables, 7-11, infra-constancia, y 13 años hasta la adultez, cuando alcanzan la exactitud (constancia). Para las distancias largas, hay un desarrollo de dos fases: 5-11 años, con infra-constancia severa, y más allá de esta edad, con l...

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Optics and Visual Physiology

Miles¹

1956

AMA Arch Ophthalmol

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The effect of prior training with a scale of distance on absolute and relative judgments of distance over ground.

Cited by 78 publications

References 5 publications

Range estimation training and practice: A state of the art review.

Range estimation training and practice: A state of the art review.

Distance perception in a natural outdoor setting: is there a developmental trend to overconstancy?

Optics and Visual Physiology

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