The Effect of Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields on Back Pain in Polo Ponies Evaluated by Pressure Algometry and Flexion Testing—A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial

Biermann, Nora M.; Rindler, Nora; Buchner, H. H. F.

doi:10.1016/j.jevs.2013.10.177

Cited by 13 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Parallel results were found in the post mortem study, where the pressure transmission was similarly affected by surface area and shape. The results of present study using the 1 cm2 surface tips are comparable to other studies also using tips of this surface area [2, 4, 5, 9, 20, 22, 25, 26]. However, no other study used aluminium tips similar to the ones used in the present study, but all of them used a rubber surface, the mechanical qualities of which have not been reported.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Algometry to measure pain threshold in the horse’s back – An in vivo and in vitro study

Pongratz

Licka

2017

BMC Vet Res

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BackgroundThe aim of this study was to provide information on algometric transmission of pressure through the dorsal thoracolumbar tissues of the equine back. Using a commercially available algometer, measurements were carried out with six different tips (hemispheric and cylindrical surfaces, contact areas 0.5 cm2, 1 cm2, and 2 cm2). In nine live horses the threshold of pressure that lead to any reaction was documented. In postmortem specimens of five euthanized horses the transmission of algometer pressure onto a pressure sensor placed underneath the dorsal thoracolumbar tissues at the level of the ribs or the transverse lumbar processes respectively was measured.ResultsAlgometer tips with a contact area of 1 cm2 led to widely similar results irrespective of the surface shape; these measurements also had the lowest variance. Contact areas of 0.5 cm2 resulted in a lower pressure threshold, and those of 2 cm2 resulted in a higher pressure threshold. The hemispheric shape of the contact area resulted in a higher pressure threshold, than the cylindrical contact area.Compared to the thoracic region, a significantly higher pressure threshold was found in the lumbar region in the live horses. This result corresponds to the increased tissue thickness in the lumbar region compared to the thoracic region, also documented as less pressure transmission in the lumbar region on the in vitro specimens.ConclusionsAlgometry is an easily practicable and well tolerated method to quantify pain but it is important to consider the many factors influencing the results obtained.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Algometry to measure pain threshold in the horse’s back – An in vivo and in vitro study

Pongratz

Licka

2017

BMC Vet Res

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“…Pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) applied with a blanket were used in a randomized clinical trial in 20 polo ponies with back pain [ 30 ]. A placebo blanket was applied to horses in the control group.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A placebo blanket was applied to horses in the control group. Using the parameters shown in Table 1 , the results failed to indicate significant differences between the PEMF intervention and placebo groups [ 30 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Equine Rehabilitation: A Scoping Review of the Literature

Atalaia

Prazeres

Abrantes

et al. 2021

Animals

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Injuries to the locomotor system are a common problem in athletic horses. Veterinarians address these injuries using appropriate medical, surgical, and pharmacological treatments. During or after recovery from the initial injury, horses may be treated for functional locomotor deficits using specific rehabilitation techniques aimed at restoring full athletic performance. This study reviews the literature to identify which rehabilitative techniques have been used most frequently in horses over the past 20 years, the protocols that were used, and the outcomes of the treatments in naturally occurring injuries and diseases. Publications were identified using keyword selection (Equine Athlete OR Equine OR Horse) AND (Rehabilitation OR Physiotherapy OR Physical Therapy). After removing duplicates and screening papers for suitability, 49 manuscripts were included in the study. The majority of publications that met the inclusion criteria were narrative reviews (49%) in which the authors cited the relatively small number of published evidence-based studies supplemented by personal experience. Observational/descriptive studies were also popular (35%). Randomized control trials accounted for only 10%. The most frequently reported rehabilitation techniques were exercise, electrotherapy, and hydrotherapy. The findings highlight the need for further information regarding type of intervention, parameterization, and outcomes of equine rehabilitation in clinical practice.

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“…Epidural morphine [32] Epidural ropivacaine [33] Low-4-point block [34] Digital flexor tendon sheath [35] Distal interphalangeal joint [22] Palmar digital nerves [36] Response to therapy Chiropractic [37] Chiropractic, low-level laser therapy [38] Chiropractic, massage, phenylbutazone [39] Static magnetic blanket [40] Pulsed electromagnetic therapy blanket [41] Extracorporeal shockwave therapy [42] Tail traction [21] Sublingual detomidine [43]…”

Section: Diagnostic Analgesiamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Force is typically measured in Newtons (N) where 1 Newton is defined as the amount of force needed to accelerate 1 kg of mass at the rate of 1 m/s 2 . Pressure is defined as the amount of force applied perpendicular to the surface per unit area and can be measured in different units, but is typically reported in Pascal or 1 N/m 2 [41]. As most methods in horses use a small surface area to apply a noxious stimulus then pressure is often reported as kg/cm 2 , which is more intuitive as a clinical measurement as 1 kg/cm 2 = 98,066 Pascal (Pa) or 98 kPa.…”

Section: Pressure Algometer Featuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pressure Algometry for the Detection of Mechanical Nociceptive Thresholds in Horses

Haussler

2020

Animals

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The clinical assessment of pain is subjective; therefore, variations exist between practitioners in their ability to identify and localize pain. Due to differing interpretations of the signs or severity of pain equine practitioners may assign varying levels of clinical significance and treatment options. There is a critical need to develop better tools to qualify and quantify pain in horses. Palpation is the most common method to detect local tenderness or sensitivity. To quantify this applied pressure, pressure algometry has been used to gradually apply pressure over specified landmarks until an avoidance response is noted, which is defined as the mechanical nociceptive threshold (MNT). Numerous studies have used pressure algometry in different applications to measure MNTs in horses. There is an acute need to establish normative values within different body regions and to develop standardized methods of testing MNTs to better guide practitioners in the diagnosis and treatment of pain. The aim of this systematic review was to summarize the evidence for the use of pressure algometry in horses. There is good evidence that pressure algometry is a repeatable, semi-objective method that can be used in a wide array of clinical and research applications to assess MNTs in horses.

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The Effect of Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields on Back Pain in Polo Ponies Evaluated by Pressure Algometry and Flexion Testing—A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial

Cited by 13 publications

References 26 publications

Algometry to measure pain threshold in the horse’s back – An in vivo and in vitro study

Algometry to measure pain threshold in the horse’s back – An in vivo and in vitro study

Equine Rehabilitation: A Scoping Review of the Literature

Pressure Algometry for the Detection of Mechanical Nociceptive Thresholds in Horses

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