The Effects of Language Group, Proficiency Level, and Instruction on ESL Subjects' Control of the D and Z Morphemes

Cognitive Style and First Language Background in Second Language Test Performance

“…The influence of adult second language learners' first language background on language test performance has received recent attention in the testing literature. Different group performance profiles emerge on language test batteries, and this suggests that language background should be incorporated into a redefinition of language proficiency (Brutten, Mouw, & Perkins, 1986;Farhady, 1982;L. Hansen, 1984a).…”