The Effects of Offshore Wind Farms on Hydrodynamics and Implications for Fishes

Berkel, J. Van; Burchard, Hans; Christensen, Asbjørn; Mortensen, Lars O.; Petersen, Ole; Thomsen, Frank

doi:10.5670/oceanog.2020.410

Cited by 54 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…The impact of marine noise caused by human activities (installation and operation of coastal infrastructure, shipping) is also a largely unknown factor of disturbance for fish, mammals 1085 or smaller components of the ecosystem (Ströber and Thomsen 2019;Mustonen et al, 2019). The effects of extensive wind farms on pelagic ecosystems are largely unknown, ranging from creating microhabitats at the hard substrates of the pillar bases (reef effects , Andersson and Öhman, 2010), marine noise during the construction phase, to effects on stratification and downwelling (van Berkel et al, 2020) https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-2021-54 Preprint. Discussion started: 6 July 2021 c Author(s) 2021.…”

Section: Marine Ecosystemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies for land birds affected by offshore wind farm are lacking. Potential impacts of wind wakes on hydrodynamics features of the downstream waterbody and ecosystems 1810 are discussed by van Berkel (2020).…”

Section: Impacts Of Offshore Wind Farms On Other Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, analysis of less well-studied 2000 organic contaminants, often replacements for the legacy pollutants, indicate that levels in fish and mussels are now similar or exceeding their predecessors (de Wit et al, 2020). The lacking control of identity and amount of emitted substances hampers characterization and quantification of combined toxic effects in the Baltic Sea (Lethonen et al, 2017;van den Brink et al, 2018). It is notable that Baltic Sea organisms are particularly sensitive to toxic chemicals, as many marine species already live in brackish water at non-optimal salinity, i.e.…”

Section: Chemical Contaminants (With An Emphasis On Organic Contaminants)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Human impacts and their interactions in the Baltic Sea region

Reckermann

Omstedt

Soomere

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Abstract. Coastal environments, in particular heavily populated semi-enclosed marginal seas and coasts like the Baltic Sea region, are stongly affected by human activities. A multitude of human impacts, including climate change, affects the different compartments of the environment, and these effects interact with each other. As part of the Baltic Earth Assessment Reports (BEAR), we present an inventory and discussion of different human-induced factors and processes affecting the environment of the Baltic Sea region, and their interrelations. Some are naturally occurring and modified by human activities (i.e. climate change, coastal processes, hypoxia, acidification, submarine groundwater discharges, marine ecosystems, non-indigenous species, land use and land cover), some are completely human-induced (i.e. agriculture, aquaculture, fisheries, river regulations, offshore wind farms, shipping, chemical contamination, dumped warfare agents, marine litter and microplastics, tourism, coastal management), and they are all interrelated to different degrees. We present a general description and analysis of the state of knowledge on these interrelations. Our main insight is that climate change has an overarching, integrating impact on all of the other factors and can be interpreted as a background effect, which has different implications for the other factors. Impacts on the environment and the human sphere can be roughly allocated to anthropogenic drivers such as food production, energy production, transport, industry and economy. We conclude that a sound management and regulation of human activities must be implemented in order to use and keep the environments and ecosystems of the Baltic Sea region sustainably in a good shape. This must balance the human needs, which exert tremendous pressures on the systems, as humans are the overwhelming driving force for almost all changes we see. The findings from this inventory of available information and analysis of the different factors and their interactions in the Baltic Sea region can largely be transferred to other comparable marginal and coastal seas in the world.

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Section: Marine Ecosystemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Impacts Of Offshore Wind Farms On Other Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Chemical Contaminants (With An Emphasis On Organic Contaminants)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Human impacts and their interactions in the Baltic Sea region

Reckermann

Omstedt

Soomere

et al. 2021

Preprint

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“…In developing a continuous transect monitoring approach, additional considerations include the distance between transects, the directionality of transects, and how close transects come to the foundations. For both discrete and continuous sampling, the directionality of sampling relative to the turbine is an important consideration as oceanographic and environmental conditions may vary locally and regionally around turbine foundations (Hasager et al, 2015;Boon et al, 2018;van Berkel et al, 2020). Perhaps the most important consideration in choosing distance intervals at which to sample relative to turbine structures is the hypothesis being considered and the underlying mechanism(s) believed to be driving potential changes.…”

Section: Selection Of Distance Intervalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distance-Based Sampling Methods for Assessing the Ecological Effects of Offshore Wind Farms: Synthesis and Application to Fisheries Resource Studies

Methratta

2021

Front. Mar. Sci.

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Renewable energy, sustainable seafood, and a healthy marine ecosystem are integral elements of a sustainable blue economy. The rapid global advancement of offshore wind coupled with its potential to affect marine life compels an urgent need for robust methodologies to assess the impacts of this industry on fisheries resource species. Basic Before-After-Control-Impact (BACI) and Control-Impact (CI) designs are the most common experimental designs used to study the effects of offshore wind development on fisheries resources. These designs do not account for spatial heterogeneity which presents a challenge because empirical evidence shows that impact gradients occur at wind farms, with larger effect sizes close to turbine foundations that attenuate with increasing distance. Combining the before-after sampling design with distance-based methods could provide a powerful approach for characterizing both the spatial and temporal variance associated with wind development. Toward enhancing future monitoring designs for fisheries resource species at offshore wind farms, this paper aims to: (1) examine distance-based sampling methods that have been or could potentially be used to study impacts on fisheries resources at offshore wind farms including distance-stratified BACI, distance-stratified CI, Before-After-Gradient (BAG), and After-Gradient (AG) methods; (2) synthesize the methods and findings of studies conducted to date that have used distance-based methods to examine ecological impacts of offshore wind development for benthic macroinvertebrates, finfish, birds, and small mammals; (3) examine some of the central methodological elements and issues to consider in developing distance-based impact studies; and (4) offer recommendations for how to incorporate distance-based sampling methods into monitoring plans at offshore wind farms.

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“…The associated change in the ocean upwelling and modification of the pycnocline is shown in [18]. The changes to the water turbulence and stratification in addition to changes in the flow and salinity distribution therefore ultimately impact the biogeochemical processes and the food web, e.g., [19] and the references therein.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Offshore Wind Farms on Sea State Demonstrated by Airborne LiDAR Measurements

Bärfuss

Schulz‐Stellenfleth

Lampert

2021

JMSE

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The increasing number of wind farms installed in the North Sea has an impact on the downstream wind speed. This has been hypothesized as well for sea state properties. Wave effects can be expected in particular in fetch-limited conditions with offshore wind directions. With systematic flights deploying an airborne laser scanner, these impacts are shown directly for the first time. The flights were conducted perpendicular to the main wind direction upstream and downstream of the cluster of the offshore wind parks Amrumbank West, Nordsee Ost, and Meerwind Süd/Ost. The flight legs covered the area potentially influenced by the wind parks and the undisturbed area next to the wind parks. The analysis of the spectral energy distribution shows a re-distribution of the wave energy in the downstream area with enhanced energy at smaller wavelengths. The effect is still clearly visible at a distance of 55 km. As the sea surface constitutes the link between the atmosphere and the ocean, it is very likely that wind parks modify the properties of the water column as well.

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The Effects of Offshore Wind Farms on Hydrodynamics and Implications for Fishes

Cited by 54 publications

References 53 publications

Human impacts and their interactions in the Baltic Sea region

Human impacts and their interactions in the Baltic Sea region

Distance-Based Sampling Methods for Assessing the Ecological Effects of Offshore Wind Farms: Synthesis and Application to Fisheries Resource Studies

The Impact of Offshore Wind Farms on Sea State Demonstrated by Airborne LiDAR Measurements

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