The effects of parasitism by Glyptapanteles liparidis (Braconidae: Hymenoptera) on the hemolymph and total body composition of gypsy moth larvae ( Lymantria dispar , Lymantriidae: Lepidoptera)

Abstract

The hemolymph and total body tissue composition (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and free amino acids) of gypsy moth larvae (Lymantria dispar, Lymantriidae:Lepidoptera) were analyzed and compared with the composition of larvae infected by their main parasitoid, Glyptapanteles liparidis (Braconidae:Hymenoptera). In the body tissue the concentrations of total lipids and total proteins decreased, whereas the glycogen concentration in the total body tissue was significantly elevated and exceeded the concentration of the nonparasitized larvae by a factor of approximately 3. Trehalose, glucose, and sorbitol were found in the hemolymph of both parasitized and nonparasitized larvae, but levels of all three carbohydrates were significantly reduced in parasitized individuals. The total lipid concentration was not altered due to parasitism. In the hemolymph the concentrations of total proteins nearly doubled in parasitized larvae, whereas the total free amino acid concentration was reduced; however, the levels of some single amino acids were reduced and those of others were elevated in the parasitized larvae. The polypeptide profile of the host hemolymph provided one parasitism-specific polypeptide at approximately 80 kDa. The results demonstrate that parasitization of gypsy moths by G. liparidis leads to significant alterations in levels of nearly all substance classes within the host's hemolymph and tissue.

Resource Acquisition, Allocation, and Utilization in Parasitoid Reproductive Strategies

“…Nevertheless, this constraint provides selection pressures to evolve some means of manipulating host metabolism and of adjusting host nutritional composition to meet the larva's dietary needs-two opportunities not available to the larvae of herbivores or predators. In several koinobiont species parasitism induces biochemical alterations in the host's hemolymph: increased concentrations of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates (79,95); elevated rates of glucogenesis (131); and decreased lipid and protein levels in the remaining host body mass (12). The active agents in manipulating host physiology include polydnaviruses (104), Idiobionts: parasitoids whose larvae utilize a nongrowing host Koinobionts: parasitoids whose larvae utilize a growing host venom (95), and teratocytes (94).…”

Gamma radiation-induced pseudoparasitization as a tool to study interactions between host insects and parasitoids in the systemLymantria dispar(Lep., Lymantriidae)–Glyptapanteles liparidis(Hym., Braconidae)

“…In contrast, glycogen content is maintained at the same levels as in unparasitized larvae (Schopf and Nussbaumer 1996;Hoch et al 2002). On the other hand, fatty acid levels in the hemolymph as well as total lipids of normally parasitized L. dispar are significantly reduced (Bischof and Ortel 1996;Hoch et al 2002). This indicates some action of the parasitoid to redirect the host's energy metabolism for the parasitoid's advantage.…”

Lipidomics and RNA-Seq Study of Lipid Regulation in Aphis gossypii parasitized by Lysiphlebia japonica

“…Lysophosphatidyl display the role of neurotoxicity and can make cells dissolve in low dose 58 . Parasitoids regulate the physiological milieu of the host to facilitate utilization of host nutrients by the parasitoid 31, 32, 59, 60 , it chould be seen that aphids were controled to lysis cells and emit energy after parasitized by regulating the target genes which contributed to synthesize Lysophosphatidyl. The biological and physiological importance of the up- and down-regulation of these genes should be investigated further using knockout models.…”